Confucian Philosophy Essay

2000 by Andre Levy All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in. writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39. 48-1984. Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Levy, Andre, date [La litterature chinoise ancienne et classique. English] Chinese literature, ancient and classical / by Andre Levy ; translated by William H. Nienhauser, Jr. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-253-33656-2 (alk. paper) 1. Chinese literature—History and criticism. I. Nienhauser, William H. II. Title. PL2266. L48 2000 895. 1’09—dc21 99-34024 1 2 3 4 5 05 04 03 02 01 00. For my own early translators of French, Daniel and Susan Contents ix Preface 1 Introduction Chapter 1: Antiquity 5 I. Origins II. â€Å"Let a hundred flowers bloom, Let a hundred schools of thought contend! † 1. Mo zi and the Logicians 2. Legalism 3. The Fathers of Taoism III. The Confucian Classics 31 Chapter 2: Prose I. Narrative Art and Historical Records II. The Return of the â€Å"Ancient Style† III. The Golden Age of Trivial Literature IV. Literary Criticism Chapter 3: Poetry 61 I. The Two Sources of Ancient Poetry 1. The Songs of Chu 2. Poetry of the Han Court II. The Golden Age of Chinese Poetry 1. From Aesthetic Emotion to Metaphysical Flights 2. The Age of Maturity 3. The Late Tang III. The Triumph of Genres in Song Chapter 4: Literature of Entertainment: The Novel and Theater 105 I. Narrative Literature Written in Classical Chinese II. The Theater 1. The Opera-theater of the North 2. The Opera-theater of the South III. The Novel 1. Oral Literature 2. Stories and Novellas 3. The â€Å"Long Novel† or Saga Index 151 Translator’s Preface. I first became- interested in translating Andre Levy’s history of Chinese literature, La litterature chinoise ancienne et classique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1991), in 1996, after finding it in a bookshop in Paris. I read sections and was intrigued by Professor Levy’s approach, which was modeled on literary genres rather than political eras. I immediately thought about translating parts of the book for my graduate History of Chinese Literature class at the University of Wisconsin, a class in which the importance of dynastic change was also downplayed. Like many plans, this one was set aside. Last spring, however, when the panel on our field’s desiderata headed by David Rolston at the 1998 Association for Asian Studies Meeting pronounced that one of the major needs was for a concise history of Chinese literature in about 125 pages (the exact length of Professor Levy’s original text), I revived my interest in this translation. I proposed the book to John Gallman, Director of Indiana University Press, and John approved it almost immediately-but, not before warning me that this kind of project can take much more time than the translator originally envisions. Although I respect John’s experience and knowledge in publishing, I was sure I would prove the exception. After all, what kind of trouble could a little book of 125 pages cause? I soon found out. Professor Levy had originally written a much longer manuscript, which was to be published as a supplementary volume to Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier’s La Litterature chinoise (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1948)’ in the Que sais-je? (What Do I Know? ) series. This concept, however, was soon abandoned, and it ‘Several decades ago Anne-Marie Geoghegan translated this volume as Chinese Literature (New York: Walker, 1964). x Translator’s Preface was decided to publish the Levy â€Å"appendix† as a separate volume-in 125 pages. Professor Levy was then asked to cut his manuscript by one-third. As a result, he was sometimes forced to presume in his audience certain knowledge that some readers of this book-for example, undergraduate students or interested parties with little background in Chinese literature-may not have. For this reason, working carefully with Professor Levy, I have added (or revived) a number of contextual sentences with these readers in mind. More information on many of the authors and works discussed in this history can be found in the entries in The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature (volumes 1 and 2; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986 and 1998). Detailed references to these entries and other relevant studies can be found in the â€Å"Suggested Further Reading† sections at the end of each chapter (where the abbreviated reference Indiana Companion refers to these two volumes). I also discovered that re-translating Professor Levy’s French translations of Chinese texts sometimes resulted in renditions that were too far from the original, even in this age of â€Å"distance education. † So I have translated almost all of the more than 120 excerpts of original works directly from the original Chinese, using Professor Levy’s French versions as a guide wherever possible. All this was done with the blessing and cooperation of the author. Indeed, among the many people who helped with this translation, I would like to especially thank Professor Andre Levy for his unflinching interest in and support of this translation. Professor Levy has read much of the English version, including all passages that I knew were problematic (there are no doubt others! ), and offered comments in a long series of letters over the past few months. Without his assistance the translation would never have been completed. Here in Madison, a trio of graduate students have helped me with questions Translator’s Preface xi about the Chinese texts: Mr. Cao Weiguo riftlal, Ms. Huang Shu—yuang MV and Mr. Shang Cheng I*. They saved me E, from innumerable errors and did their work with interest and high spirits. Mr. Cao also helped by pointing out problems in my interpretation of the original French. Mr. Scott W. Galer of Ricks College read the entire manuscript and offered a number of invaluable comments. My wife, Judith, was unrelenting in her demands on behalf of the general reader. The most careful reader was, however, Jane Lyle of Indiana University Press, who painstakingly copy-edited the text. If there is a literary style to this translation, it is due to her efforts. My thanks, too, to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation which supported me in Berlin through the summer of 1997 when I first read Professor Levy’s text, and especially to John Gallman, who stood behind this project from the beginning. Madison, Wisconsin, 16 February 1999 (Lunar New Year’s Day) Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical Introduction Could one still write, as Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier did in 1948 in the What Do I Know series Number 296, which preceded this book, that â€Å"the study of Chinese literature, long neglected by the Occident, is still in its  infancy? â€Å"‘ Yes and no. There has been some spectacular progress and some foundering. At any rate, beginning at the start of the twentieth century, it was Westerners who were the first-followed by the Japanese, before the Chinese themselves-to produce histories of Chinese literature. Not that the Chinese tradition had not taken note of an evolution in literary genres, but the prestige of wen 5 signifying both â€Å"literature† and â€Å"civilization,† placed it above history-anthologies, compilations, and catalogues were preferred. Moreover, the popular side of literature-fiction, drama, and oral verse-because of its lack of â€Å"seriousness† or its â€Å"vulgarity,† was not judged dignified enough to be considered wen. Our goal is not to add a new work to an already lengthy list of histories of Chinese literature, nor to supplant the excellent summary by Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier which had the impossible task of presenting a history of Chinese literature in about a hundred pages. Our desire would be rather to complement the list by presenting the reader with a different approach, one more concrete, less dependent on the dynastic chronology. Rather than a history, it is a picture-inevitably incompleteof Chinese literature of the past that this little book offers. Chinese â€Å"high† literature is based on a â€Å"hard core† of classical training consisting of the memorization of texts, nearly a half-million characters for every candidate who reaches the highest competitive examinations. We might see the classical art of writing as the arranging, in an appropriate and astute fashion, of lines recalled by memory, something ,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœOdile Kaltenmark-Ghequier, â€Å"Introduction,† La litterature chinoise (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1948), p. 5; â€Å"Que sais—je,† no. 296. 2 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical that came almost automatically to traditional Chinese intellectuals. The goal of these writers was not solely literary. They hoped through their writings to earn a reputation that would help them find support for their efforts to pass the imperial civil-service examinations and thereby eventually win a position at court. Although there were earlier tests leading to political advancement, the system that existed nearly until the end of the imperial period in 1911 was known as the jinshi A ± or â€Å"presented scholar† examination (because successful candidates were â€Å"presented† to the emperor), and was developed during the late seventh and early eighth centuries A. D. It required the writing of poetry and essays on themes set by the examiners. Successful candidates were then given minor positions in the bureaucracy. Thus the memorization of a huge corpus of earlier literature and the ability to compose on the spot became the major qualifications for political office through most of the period from the eighth until the early twentieth centuries. These examinations, and literature in general, were composed in a classical, standard language comparable to Latin in the West. This â€Å"classical† language persisted by opposing writing to speech through a sort of partial bilingualism. The strict proscription of vulgarisms, of elements of the spoken language, from the examinations has helped to maintain the purity of classical Chinese. The spoken language, also labeled â€Å"vulgar,† has produced some literary monuments of its own, which were recognized as such and qualified as â€Å"classics† only a few decades ago. The unity of the two languages, classical and vernacular, which share the same fundamental structure, is undermined by grammars that are appreciably different, and by the fact that these languages hold to diametrically opposed stylistic ideals: lapidary concision on the one hand, and eloquent vigor on the other. We conclude by pointing out that educated Chinese add to their surnames, which are always given first, a great variety of personal names, which can be disconcerting at times. The standard given name (ming Introduction 3 is often avoided out of decorum; thus Tao Qian Miff is often referred to En We will retain only the by his zi (stylename) as Tao Yuanming best known of these names, avoiding hao at (literary name or nickname), bie hao ZIJM (special or particular literary name), and shi ming (residential name) whenever possible: When other names are used, the standard ming will be  given in parentheses. The goal here is to enable the reader to form an idea of traditional Chinese literature, not to establish a history of it, which might result in a lengthy catalogue of works largely unknown today. We are compelled to sacrifice quantity to present a limited number of literary â€Å"stars,† and to reduce the listing of their works to allow the citation of a number of previously unpublished translations, inevitably abridged but sufficient, we hope, to evoke the content of the original. The chronological approach will be handled somewhat roughly because of the need to follow the development of the great literary genres: after the presentation of antiquity, the period in which the common culture of the educated elite was established, comes an examination of the prose genres of â€Å"high† classical literature, then the description of the art most esteemed by the literati, poetry. The final section treats the literature of diversion, the most discredited but nonetheless highly prized, which brings together the novel and the theater. Chapter 1. Antiquity Ancient literature, recorded by the scribes of a rapidly evolving warlike and aristocratic society, has been carefully preserved since earliest times and has become the basis of Chinese lettered culture. It is with this in mind that one must approach the evolution of literature and its role over the course of the two-thousand-year-old imperial government, which collapsed in 1911, and attempt to understand the importance (albeit increasingly limited) that ancient literature retains today. The term â€Å"antiquity† applied to China posed no problems until certain Marxist historians went so far as to suggest that it ended only in 1919. The indigenous tradition had placed the break around 211 B. C. , when political unification brought about the establishment of a centralized but â€Å"prefectural† government under the Legalists, as well as the famous burning of books opposed to the Legalist state ideology. Yet to suggest that antiquity ended so early is to minimize the contribution of Buddhism and the transformation of thought that took place between the third and seventh centuries. The hypothesis that modernity began early, in the eleventh or perhaps twelfth century in China, was developed by Naito Konan NAM 1 (1866-1934). This idea has no want of critics or of supporters. It is opposed to the accepted idea in the West, conveyed by Marxism, that China, a â€Å"living fossil,† has neither entered modern times nor participated in â€Å"the global civilization† that started with the Opium War of 1840. Nor is there unanimity concerning the periodization proposed in historical linguistics, a periodization which distinguishes Archaic Chinese of High Antiquity (from the origins of language to the third century) from Ancient Chinese of Mid-Antiquity (sixth to twelfth centuries), then Middle Chinese of the Middle Ages (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries) from Modern Chinese (seventeenth-nineteenth centuries), and Recent Chinese (18401919) from Contemporary Chinese (1920 to the present). 6 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical. In the area of literature, the beginning of the end of antiquity could perhaps be placed in the second century A. D. Archaeology has elevated our knowledge of more ancient writings toward the beginning of the second millennium B. C. , but this archaic period, discovered recently, cannot be considered part of literary patrimony in the strictest sense. Accounts of this archaic period are traditionally divided into six eras,2 but to honor them would be to fall into the servitude of a purely chronological approach. I. Origins Since the last year of the last century, when Wang Yirong . 1. 6M (1845-1900) compiled the first collection of inscriptions written on bones and shells, the increasing number of archaeological discoveries has allowed the establishment of a corpus of nearly 50,000 inscriptions extending over the period from the fourteenth to the tenth centuries before our era. Dong Zuobin (1895-1963) proposed a periodization for them and distinguished within them the styles of different schools of scribes. Scholars have managed to decipher a third of the total of some 6,000 distinct signs, which are clearly related to the system of writing used by the Chinese today-these were certainly not primitive forms of characters. The oracular inscriptions are necessarily short-the longest known text, of a hundred or so characters, covers the scapula of an ox and extends even over the supporting bones; the shell of a southern species of the great tortoise, also used to record divination, did not offer a more extensive surface. Whether a literature existed at this ancient time seems rather doubtful, but this scriptural evidence causes one to consider whether eras are the early Chou dynasty (eleventh century-722 B. C. ), the Spring and Autumn era (722-481 B. C. ), the Warring States (481-256 B. C. ), the Ch’in dynasty (256-206 B. C. ), the Western or Early Han dynasty (206 B. C. -A. D. 6), and the Eastern or Latter Han dynasty (25-A. D. 220). 2These Chapter 1. Antiquity 7 the Shu jing Efg (Classic of Documents), supposedly â€Å"revised† by Confucius but often criticized as a spurious text, was based in part on authentic texts. The presence of an early sign representing a bundle of slips of wood or bamboo confirms the existence of a primitive form of book in a very ancient era-texts were written on these slips, which were then bound together to form a â€Å"fascicle. † The purpose of these ancient archives, which record the motivation for the diviner’s speech, his identity, and sometimes the result, has been ignored. Of another nature are the inscriptions on bronze that appeared in about the eleventh century B. C. and went out of fashion in the second century B.C. They attracted the attention of amateur scholars from the eleventh century until modern times. Many collections of inscriptions on â€Å"stone and bronze† have been published in the intervening eras. The longest texts extend to as much as five-hundred signs, the forms of which often seem to be more archaic than those of the inscriptions on bones and shells. The most ancient inscriptions indicate nothing more than the person to whom the bronze was consecrated or a commemoration of the name of the sponsor. Toward the tenth century B. C. the texts evolved from several dozen to as many as a hundred signs and took on a commemorative character. The inspiration for these simple, solemn texts is not always easily discernible because of the obscurities of the archaisms in the language. An echo of certain pieces transmitted by the Confucian school can be seen in some texts, but their opacity has disheartened many generations of literati. II. â€Å"Let a hundred flowers bloom, Let a hundred schools of thought contend! † This statement by Mao Zedong, made to launch a liberalization movement that was cut short in 1957, was inspired by an exceptional period in Chinese cultural history (from the fifth to the third centuries 8 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical B. C. ) in which there was a proliferation of schools-the â€Å"hundred schools. † The various masters of these schools offered philosophical, often political, discussion. The growth of these schools paralleled the rise of rival states from the time of Confucius (the Latinized version of the Chinese original, Kong Fuzi TL-T- or Master Kong, ca. 551-479 B. C. ) to the end of the Warring States period (221 B. C. ). The â€Å"hundred schools† came to an end with the unification of China late in the third century B. C. under the Legalist rule of the Qin dynasty (221-206 B. C. ). This era of freedom of thought and intellectual exchange never completely ceased to offer a model, albeit an unattainable model, in the search for an alternative to the oppressive ideology imposed by the centralized state. Much of what has reached us from this lost world was saved in the wake of the reconstruction of Confucian writings (a subject to which we will turn shortly). The texts of the masters of the hundred schools, on the periphery of orthodox literati culture, are of uneven quality, regardless of the philosophy they offer. Even the best, however, have not come close to dethroning the â€Å"Chinese Socrates,† Confucius, the first of the great thinkers, in both chronology and importance. 1. Mo Zi and the Logicians. The work known as Mo Zi (Master Mo) is a collection of the writings of a sect founded by Mo Di g, an obscure personage whom scholars have wanted to make a contemporary of Confucius. It has been hypothesized that the name Mo, â€Å"ink,† referred to the tattooing of  a convict in antiquity, and the given name, Di, indicates the pheasant feathers that decorated the hats of the common people. Although we can only speculate about whether Mo Zi was a convict or a commoner, he argued for a kind of bellicose pacifism toward aggressors, doing his best to promote, through a utilitarian process of reasoning, the necessity of believing in the gods and of practicing universal love without discrimination. Condemning the extravagant expense of funerals as well as the uselessness of art and music, Mo Zi Chapter 1. Antiquity 9 wrote in a style of discouraging weight. The work that has come down to us under his name (which appears to be about two-thirds of the original text) represents a direction which Chinese civilization explored without ever prizing. Mo Zi’s mode of argument has influenced many generations of logicians and sophists, who are known to us only in fragments, the main contribution of which has been to demonstrate in their curious way of argumentation peculiar features of the Chinese language. Hui Shi Ea is known only by the thirty-some paradoxes which the incomparable Zhuang Zi cites, without attempting to solve, as in: There is nothing beyond the Great Infinity. . . and the Small Infinity is not inside. The antinomies of reason have nourished Taoist thought, if not the other way around, as Zhuang Zi attests after the death of his friend Hui Shi: Zhuang Zi was accompanying a funeral procession. When he passed by the grave of Master Hui he turned around to say to those who were following him: â€Å"A fellow from Ying had spattered the tip of his nose with a bit of plaster, like the wing of a fly. He had it removed by [his crony] the carpenter Shi, who took his ax and twirled it around. He cut it off, then heard a wind: the plaster was entirely removed without scratching his nose. The man from Ying had remained standing, impassive. When he learned of this, Yuan, the sovereign of the country of Song, summoned the carpenter Shih and said to him, â€Å"Try then to do it again for Us. † The carpenter responded, â€Å"Your servant is capable of doing it; however, the material that he made use of died long ago. † After the death of the Master, I too no longer can find the material: I no longer have anyone to talk to. (Zhuang Zi 24) Sons of the logicians and the sophists, the rhetoricians shared with the Taoists a taste for apologues. They opposed the Taoist solution of a 10 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical detached â€Å"non-action,† involved as they were in diplomatic combat. Held in contempt by the Confucians for their â€Å"Machiavellianism,† the Zhanguo ce Vg (Intrigues of the Warring States) remains the most representative work of the genre. It was reconstructed several centuries later by Liu Xiang gj 1-(4] (77-6 B. C. ), but the authenticity of these reassembled materials seems to have been confirmed by the discovery of parallel texts in a tomb at Mawang Dui gUttg in 1973. A great variety animates these accounts, both speeches and chronicles; they are rich in dialogue, which cannot be represented by this single, although characteristic, anecdote—it is inserted without commentary into the â€Å"intrigues† (or â€Å"slips†) of the state of Chu: The King of Wei offered the King of Chu a beautiful girl who gave him great satisfaction. Knowing how much the new woman pleased him, his wife, the queen, showed her the most intense affection. She chose clothes and baubles which would please her and gave them to her; it was the same for her with rooms in the palace and bed clothes. In short, she gratified her with more attention than the king himself accorded her. He congratulated her for it: a woman serves her husband through her carnal appeal, and jealousy is her nature. Now, understanding how I love the new woman, my wife shows her more love than I—it is thus that the filial son serves his parents, that the loyal servant fulfills his duties toward his prince. As she knew that the king did not consider her jealous, the queen suggested to her rival: â€Å"The king appreciates your beauty. However, he is not that fond of your nose. You would do better to hide it when he receives you. † Therefore, the new one did so when she saw His Majesty. The king asked his wife why his favorite hid her nose in his presence. She responded, â€Å"I know. † â€Å"Even if it is unpleasant, tell me! † insisted the king. â€Å"She does not like your odor. † â€Å"The brazen hussy! † cried the sovereign. â€Å"Her nose is to be cut off, and let no one question my order! † Chapter 1. Antiquity 11 The Yan Zi chunqiu *T-*V( (Springs and Autumns of Master Yen) is another reconstruction by Liu Xiang, a collection of anecdotes about Yan Ying RV, a man of small stature but great ability who was prime minister to Duke Jing of Qi (547-490 B.C. )-the state that occupies what is now Shandong. Without cynicism, but full of shrewdness, these anecdotes do not lack appeal; some have often been selected as anthology pieces, of which this one is representative: When Master Yan was sent as an ambassador to Chu, the people of the country constructed a little gate next to the great one and invited him to enter. Yan Zi refused, declaring that it was suitable for an envoy to a country of dogs, but that it was to Chu that he had come on assignment. The chamberlain had him enter by the great gate. The King of Chu received him and said to him: â€Å"Was there then no one in Qi, for them to have sent you? † â€Å"How can you say there is no one in Qi, when there would be darkness in our capital of Linzi if the people of the three hundred quarters spread out their sleeves, and it would rain if they shook off their perspiration-so dense is the population. † â€Å"But then why have you been sent? † â€Å"The practice in Qi is to dispatch a worthy envoy to a worthy sovereign; I am the most unworthy. . . .† 2. Legalism. The diplomatic manipulations and other little anecdotes we have seen in the Yan Zi chunqiu were of little interest to the Legalists, who took their name from the idea that the hegemonic power of the state is founded on a system of implacable laws supposing the abolition of hereditary privileges-indeed a tabula rasa that rejects morals and traditions. In fact, historians associate them with all thought that privileges efficacy. From this point of view, the most ancient â€Å"Legalist† would be the artisan of Qi’s hegemony in the seventh century B. C. , Guan Zi (Master Guan). The work that was handed down under his name is a composite text and in reality contains no material prior to the third century B. C. Whether or not he should be considered a Legalist, Guan Zi 12 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical embodies the idea that the power of the state lies in its prosperity, and this in turn depends on the circulation of goods. In sum, Guan Zi stands for a proto-mercantilism diametrically opposed to the primitive physiocraticism of Gongsun Yang (altV (also known as Shang Yang ), minister of Qin in the fourth century. Shang jun shu 1 (The 2 Book of Lord Shang), which is attributed to Gongsun Yang, gives the Legalist ideas a particularly brutal form: It is the nature of people to measure that which is advantageous to them, to seize the best, and to draw to themselves that which is profitable. The enlightened lord must take care if he wants to establish order in his country and to be able to turn the population to his advantage, for the population has at its disposal a great number of means to avoid the strictness that it fears. Within the country he must cause the people to consecrate themselves to farming; without he must cause them to be singly devoted to warfare. This is why the order of a sage sovereign consists of multiplying interdictions in order to prevent infractions and relying on force to put an end to fraud. (Shang jun shu, â€Å"Suan di†) Shang Yang’s prose is laden with archaisms, which hardly lighten the weight of his doctrine. It is in the work of Han Fei Zi 4-T- (ca. 280-233) that Legalism found its most accomplished formulation. The book Han Fei Zi contains a commentary on the Classic of the Way and of Power of Lao Zi in which the ideal of Taoist non-action is realized by the automatism of laws. The â€Å"artifice† of the latter may go back to the Confucianism of Xun Zi (Master Xun, also known as Xun Qing ,Ajja, ca. 300-230 B. C. ), a school rejected by orthodox Confucianism. Xun Zi, who happens to have been the teacher of Han Fei Zi, developed the brilliant theory that human nature inclines individuals to satisfy their egoistic appetites: it was therefore bad for advanced societies of the time. The â€Å"rites†-culture-are necessary for socialization. Xun Zi’s Chapter 1. Antiquity 13 argumentation was unprecedentedly elaborate, examining every facet of a question while avoiding repetition. In a scintillating style peppered with apologues, Han Fei Zi argues that the art of governing requires techniques other than the simple manipulation of rewards and punishments. The prince is the cornerstone of a system that is supposed to ensure him of a protective impenetrableness. The state must devote itself to eliminating the useless, noxious five â€Å"parasites† or â€Å"vermin:† the scholars, rhetoricians, knights-errant, deserters, and merchants (perhaps even artisans). 3. The Fathers of Taoism. A philosophy of evasion, this school was opposed to social and political engagement. From the outset Taoism was either a means to flee society and politics or a form of consolation for those who encountered reversals in politics and society. The poetic power of its writings, which denounced limits and aphorisms of reason, explains the fascination that it continues to hold for intellectuals educated through the rationalism of the Confucians. These works, like most of the others from antiquity that were attributed to a master, in fact seem to be rather disparate texts of a school. The Dao de jing ittitg (Classic of the Way and of Power) remains the most often translated Chinese work—and the first translated, if one counts the lost translation into Sanskrit by the monk Xuanzang WM in the seventh century A. D. This series of aphorisms is attributed to Lao Zi (Master. Lao or â€Å"The Old Master†), whom tradition considers a contemporary of Confucius. He is said to have left this â€Å"testament† as he departed the Chinese world via the Xian’gu Pass for the West. In their polemics against the Buddhists, the Taoists of the following millennium used this story as the basis on which to affirm that the Buddha was none other than their Chinese Lao Zi, who had been converting the barbarians of the West since his departure from China. Modern scholarship estimates that the Lao Zi could not date earlier than the third century B. C. The 1973 discoveries at Mawang Dui in Hunan confirmed what scholars had suspected for centuries: the primitive Lao Zi is reversed in respect to 14 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical  ours: a De dao jing â€Å"1,M1# § (Classic of Power and the Way). Its style, which is greatly admired for its obscure concision, seems to owe much to the repair work of the commentator Wang Bi . T3 (226-249). Thus it is tenable that the primitive Lao Zi was a work of military strategy. Whatever it was, the text that is preferred today runs a little over 5,000 characters and is divided into 81 sections (9 x 9). The Taoist attitude toward life is expressed here in admirably striking formulae, which lend themselves to many esoteric interpretations: He who knows does not speak; he who speaks does not know (#56). Govern a great state as you would fry small fish! (#60). Practice non-action, attend to the useless, taste the flavorless. (#63) The Zhuang Zi ate, written by Zhuang Zhou 4. -B1 or Zhuang Zi (Master Zhuang), was apparently abridged at about the same time as the Lao Zi, but at the hands of the commentator Guo Xiang # -IM (d. 312), who cut it from fifty-two to thirty-three sections. Scholars cannot agree whether the seven initial sections, called â€Å"the inner chapters,† are from the same hand of Zhuang Zhou as the sixteen following, called â€Å"the outer chapters,† and the final ten â€Å"miscellaneous chapters. † It is in the final ten that we find a characteristic arrangement of reconstructions from the first century, works of one school attributed to one master. In fact, it is the first part which gives the most lively impression of an encounter with an animated personality whose mind is strangely vigorous and disillusioned: Our life is limited, but knowledge is without limit. To follow the limitless with that which is limited will exhaust one. To go unrelentingly after knowledge is exhausting and c.

Macbeth- The Murderer of King Duncan Essay

Justice Wallace, I strongly believe that Macbeth and his accomplices, Lady Macbeth and the weird sisters, is to blame for the murder of King Duncan. The night of which King Duncan went to the Macbeth castle, Macbeth murdered King Duncan in his sleep. Although he isn’t to blame completely; The supernatural powers of the weird sisters made Macbeth’s ambition get the better of him, and with the manipulation of Lady Macbeth, Macbeth kills King Duncan with his own hands. Macbeth’s ambition and weakness is what caused the murder of King Duncan, In contrary to that statement, the play begins with Macbeth slicing a man from the bottom up and then displaying his head for everyone in the battlefield to see. â€Å"Till he unseamed him from the nave to th’chaps, And fixed his head upon our battlements† (1.2.22-23). This shows that Macbeth is capable of murder through his bravery and strength. King Duncan notices these traits and awards Macbeth by making him Thane of Cawdor. Here is when the weird sisters come into play. Shortly after the battle in the beginning of the play, Macbeth and Banquo meets with the witches, and they say â€Å"All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter† (1.3.48). As we know, the witches have the power to control fate, so they are partially to blame when Macbeth’s ambition gets the better of him. The witches also states that he is Thane of Glamis, and Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth already knows he is Thane of Glamis but he becomes Thane of Cawdor later that day, so then he figures he can also become king. Macbeth’s ambition overcomes his morality as he pictures all the great things that would happen to him if he becomes king, so he plans the murder of King Duncan in a letter, and sends it to Lady Macbeth. As King Duncan arrives at the Macbeth castle, his host and hostess already plan to murder him when he sleeps. Although Macbeth couldn’t initially go on with the plan because he feels guilt as he says to himself â€Å"as his host, Who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself†

Article Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Article Analysis - Research Paper Example The predictions of the economic theory presented in the article will also be carried as well as a discussion of the relevance of the economic theory to the ideas presented in the article. Travernise (2011) reports that about 2.6 million people slipped into poverty in the USA in 2010 as reported by the Census Bureau bringing the number of Americans living below poverty to 46,2 million people. This has been the highest figure in 52 years according to the records obtained from the bureau. According to the economists, the median income level of the household fell to records last seen in 1996 and this scenario shows that such statistics were last recorded during the great depression when the statistics had taken such a long period to rise. The report states that about 15.1 percent of the Americans were living below the poverty datum line which was pegged at $22, 314 for a family of four in 2010 and this level has been the highest since 1993. This came on the heels of President Barrack Obama’s bid to push for the jobs bill meant to foster employment creation to alleviate the levels of poverty especially among various people from the different parts of the country. T here has also been a widening gap between the haves and the have nots and this trend is likely to continue unabated if sound economic reforms have not been put in place. The minorities in particular were hardest hit as the report shows that blacks in particular experienced the highest poverty rate of 17 % up from 15 % in 2009, the rate for the Hispanics rose from 25 % to 26 % while the poverty rate for the whites rose from 9.4 % to 9,9 % in 2009. The trend shows that the whites were least affected and it seems that the gap between the rich and the poor is continuing to rise. The economists suggested that joblessness or unemployment was the main culprit leading to such unbelievably high rates of

Listening Log (Classical Music) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Listening Log (Classical Music) - Essay Example The harmonies alternate between tonic and dominant as the volume swells. This composition continues in a continuous increase in pianistic bravura and energy highlighted in dominant and tonic harmonies (Aichberger & Roenneke 7:49). There are modulations that are restricted to C sharp major and the softened median A major. The composition at 6mins 10 secs to 7 mins 20 secs expresses a jubilant and playful theme by the swift tones. An instance of calm mood exists at 8mins 43 secs in the F sharp minor key that is overtaken by the final hurly-burly sound. As the music comes closer to a conclusion, there is a massive crescendo of prestissimo octaves, going up and down the whole area of the keyboard that finalizes the piece in a splendid way (Aichberger & Roenneke 9:42). In conclusion, the use of different keys makes this piece unique; in that the dominant and tonic harmonies are utilized to intensify the first theme of somber and dark mood. To highlight the second theme, minor tonality is used to bring contrast to the second theme, which is jubilant. The keys alternate in a clear manner that portrays the great classical music of

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Journal - Assignment Example ncourage and lead many of my friends towards these voluntary movements and could utilize their skills and abilities in contributing towards the cause of the community. The best achievement of my leadership is that I could initiate in my friends, a vision for a sustainable approach in all realms and life and evoke their responsibility towards the society. ii) You are a member of many groups that may include these: family member, University Sem class, human race, dorm resident, sports team, etc. What is your biggest contribution, typically, to the groups in which you hold membership? My biggest contribution to the communities I have associated with is that I could successfully be a good family member. I could do my role to the best as a son (daughter), as a brother (sister) and adhered best to the family values. As it is the family that contributes the most towards the making of a good personality, this role of mine will ensure me to be responsible and successful in all realms of life to come across. When I was sent to school I made my parents proud as a good student. I could make them proud among their relatives and friends as a good person with bright future. With all the hard work done, the good fame could be maintained at the college level as well. My contribution to my neighborhood as well has been substantial. I could use my managerial capacities to negotiate with many of the public systems to bring in basic infrastructures in the local township. I could strategically unite people to have a unified voice resultantly increasing their bargaining capacity. Th is made their voice heard much better and the authorities could not stay away from addressing the issues. My role as college student in many ways holds responsibilities of varied kinds. Apart from the academic level responsibilities which would form the foundation of my career, the college environment demands me to delver much more in the organizational and cultural perspective as well. The diversity among

Construction contract Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Construction contract - Assignment Example Engineers are opting for NEC because it is more flexible and can suit the whole construction industry. It is also highly adaptable, provides a range of options for risk allocation. Compared to other construction contract forms, it is the simplest using understandable language where the roots of many disputes have been left out. The use of flow charts also makes it more clear and easy to use. In this paper, the core clauses of NEC and FIDIC are compared with particular emphasis to the core risks and insurance. NEC assigns risks cover according to contemporary principles. Nevertheless unlike FICID, it defines the contractors’ risks in reference to those risks not listed under the employers’ risks. Under NEC conditions, the responsibility of care of the contractor goes beyond the completion of a contract. In the clause 80.1of NEC 3, the employers risks are articulated. They are categorized into six broad groups which include: one, risks involving the site or works and the legal and general liabilities and defaults that may arise from his design. In cases of risks that may crop up from the employer design fault can be insured against through a professional indemnity policy. If it is the employer own design or covered by NEC professional service contract where an outside contractor is involved. In dealing with unexpected situation, NEC has a range of provisions offering compensation for the events or occurrences that are at the employer’s risk. This goes a long way in assisting the project manager and contractor to man the construction projects without being obscured by these events. In the sub-clause 60.1 provision for variations are made where the contractor may request for extension of time for completion and even addition of payment. In such cases, the contractor only articulates his desire for time extension or rising of payment in a quotation. In sub-clause 61.6, affirms that in instances where the results of compensation of an event are

Freedom of Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Freedom of Speech - Essay Example ould help to uphold certain values such as truth, to involve ordinary citizens in political-decision making, to strengthen the community, for self-fulfillment of the individual, to help check abuse of governmental power, to promote tolerance and to create a more robust community (Introduction to the Free Speech Clause). The Supreme Court has been more protective of political speech compared to other commercial speeches. For example, the first amendment does not give rights to individuals to lie about other people (First Amendment: Speech). The expression of artists and the use of symbolism are also protected under the first amendment (Camp, 2005). However the first amendment provides protection only to a lesser extent to commercial speech, defamation, speech that would be harmful to children, those broadcast on radio and television and speech given by public employees. On the other hand the freedom of speech offers no or limited protection to obscenity, child pornography, speech that advocates the use of force or law violation or causing panic, true threats like fighting words, sedition, blackmail, perjury and those which solicit to commit crimes (Camp, 2005; Cohen, 2008). In addition to having its reservations in providing protection to speeches, the first amendment has incorporated time, place and manner restrictions to speeches that enjoy a very elaborate protection under the first amendment. These would be upheld if the speeches are not sufficiently justifiable, or are tailored in a way to suit governmental interest or if they do not leave open other alternative channels of communication. While music is acknowledged as a form of communication and expression, which enjoys complete protection under the amendment, the Court has placed volume restrictions for outdoor music. The amendment also provides rights to a city to place â€Å"zoning restrictions on adult theatres and bookstores†, despite them being fully protected by the amendment, if the goal is to prevent

Networking and competition Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Networking and competition - Assignment Example People greatly recognized and appreciated him through his snapshots to an extent that even if he comes up with such a creative idea in future, people will still recognize him. He saw a business idea and made it happen. However, networking requires the spirit of hard work and commitment to attain the required fruits. Had Kalina not committed himself to the daily task of taking self portraits, his project would not have thrives. Competition is important to motivate business minded people to put an extra effort in their businesses. For Kalina to transform his snapshots into the most famous videos recognized today, he saw a video from Ahree Lee which served as his catalyst. Without such a competition, he would not have transformed his snapshots into something that would positively affect his career. Most businesses do not feel good if any form of competition tends to overtake them. This is because in today’s world, most customers flee to businesses that provide the best quality products at affordable prices. That is why most business individuals always strive to outdo their competitors to achieve the highest number of clients and maintain them. Competition is one powerful force that pushes business individuals to improve their performance. This powered with appropriate networking ensures that businesses achieve the expected goals and objectives of that organization. Many businesses make use of networking in their marketing plan. It enables a relationship of trust to develop between the individuals involved. It also enables the company to rank its profile at a high level. In the event of networking, most businesses learn of their competitors’ strategy and ensure that they come up with almost the same or even better strategies. However, it is difficult to get hold of a strategy used by a competitor. That is why some businesses wait for a competitor to come up with a

Physical Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physical Geography - Essay Example Various natural processes have caused global warming. Increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the fundamental cause of global warming. For example, all animals and humans inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide and thus, replace atmospheric oxygen with carbon dioxide. Because of this natural process of respiration, all humans and animals are not only increasing the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere, but also reducing the content of oxygen in the air. This is the natural process of respiration and there is no fault of animals or humans in this. Anthropogenic causes are the main contributors to global warming. Trees replace carbon dioxide with oxygen, but they are being readily cut down by humans. Also, as the population is growing, more and more vehicles are crowding the roads. Fuel that burns in them generates such greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (NO). Increase in the content of greenhouse gas es in the atmosphere directly increases global warming. Global warming is a real problem. This can be estimated from the enormous increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that has occurred over the centuries. The following figure displays the rise in carbon emissions into the atmosphere since 1751. Emissions of carbon from 1751 to 2000 (Deem).

Cognitive and Physical Changes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cognitive and Physical Changes - Research Paper Example The two primary physical changes that a person faces in the middle adulthood are weakness in sight and sound. Firstly, in the beginning of this phase visual acuity, which is the ability to detect fine details in both close and distant objects, begins to decline (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2009). The reason for it is given by the change in shape and elasticity of eye lenses. Lenses become less transparent which mitigates the amount of light entering in it. Moreover, a decline also occurs in depth and distance perception which is the ability to see the world in three dimensions and in dark. The second impairment occurs in hearing sense. The primary loss is for the sound of high frequency which is popularly known as ‘presbycusis’ (Willis & Martin, 2005). It usually happens that one of the ears is impaired more than the other which reduces sound localization. Sound localization is the ability to detect the origin of the sound. The reason for this harm is loss of hair cells in the inner ear. Moreover, the ear drum becomes less elastic with age. Physical changes are accompanied by cognitive changes as well. Cognitive ability of a person is the intelligence that a person posses. It can be segmented into two types namely, fluid and crystallized. Fluid intelligence which is the ability to process new concepts and facts quickly and innovatively, independent of prior education, peaks during adolescence and then gradually declines between the ages of 30 to 40. Second change occurs in the crystallized intelligence. It is the bulk of information, skills and strategies that people have obtained through education and use of fluid intelligence. This intelligence increases with age. Facts like mathematical formulas, vocabulary knowledge and dates of various events are easier to remember. Although people score high in young adulthood as compared to middle

Witness Essay Example for Free

Witness Essay The motion picture witness directed by Peter Weir in 1985 is a uniquely classic film which has no Hollywood cliches and the setting of different worlds help the audience develop ideas. Weir uses the Philadelphia Police Department scene to convey idea of police corruption. Significantly he uses a rare combination of synthesised 1980s soundtrack and a close up of Samuel Lapp. While Samuel Lapp walks about the police station he recognises Mcphees picture in a glass cabinet Samuel stops and stares at Mcphee who is the murderer. It is at this point that the close-up of Samuel staring in prominent the soundtrack of a high pitched synthesised actually gets louder as they full impact of this scene prevails. Weir uses a close up of Samuel to show his shock and dismay as a facial expression,he also combines this with the high pitch Soundtrack to create suspense. The impact on the audience is realisation that the pivotal scene in the film and that the murderer is in fact a policeman. The use of western setting such as a city police station and the concept of police corruption. The fast food scene is used to portray the idea of different worlds. Weir uses the sound effect of the kitchen as the connection to the world that we know and a long shot showing John, Racheal and Sam are eating. John, Racheal and Samuel are sitting at the diner and just about to eat lunch the clash at different worlds is present when John starts to frantically eating the hot dog while Racheal and Samuel go in there habit of praying before eating the sound effects of the cars outside and the sound effects of the kitchen. Weir uses the long shot to show the difference between Books world and Lapps world. The use of the scenery, the soundtrack and the long shot of the table shows the concept of different world and different experiences The barn raising scene has been one of the most famous scene in Hollywood because it shows how Book has moved into a new setting. The panning on the lemonade showing the friendship o the two men that like Racheal it also shows the idea of community acceptance of two men from different areas start areas start to work together. Weir uses the panning technique to show a development on the idea that Daniel and Book would have a long lasting friendship. The setting of the Amish country and the western man (Book) working together as a community which help the audience develop and idea of friendship. During the final scene the bell ringing scene was a significant courageous moment for Samuel this shows he is independent. The long shot of the Amish men coming over the hills to help shows of a close-knit community of the Amish. Weir uses the long shot to show that the neighbours would come and assist them in any in any way. The impact on the audience is the realisation that this is a pivotal scene from the point of view of Samuel because the courage that he possesses to stand up against the evil that is terrorising there house. Weir has intelligently shown Amish setting of the rural farm and the bell tower yard contrasting the frantic western setting out of the fast food diner and the busy police department. These choices of setting helped Weir establish his ideas of police corruption inside the police department and the unity and combined strength within the Amish community

Dead Poets Society Essay Example for Free

Dead Poets Society Essay Both The Mosquito Coast and Weir’s next feature, Dead Poets Society (1989), foreground fathers myopically invested in misguided personal aspirations. A significant critical and commercial success, Dead Poets Society is a period piece set in the 1950s in Welton College, a private boys school, at the heart of New England’s establishment. It is a study in the mechanisms with which the ruling class absorbs and expels rebellious influences before proceeding undeterred in its primary mission of reproducing itself. As in Picnic, Weir introduces eager young lives both oozing potential and straining under expectation. In both period pieces Weir deftly establishes the restrictive weight of the institution’s traditions through repeated interior, constricted compositions. Here, however, the challenge to the status quo, far from being a mysterious force, is an enthusiastic, unconventional teacher, John Keating (Robin Williams), who nevertheless will play a role in leading the boys to a traumatic awakening. Keating’s passion for literature moves his students to personal quests of self-expression: â€Å"Make your lives extraordinary†, he pleads. The film evokes the American spirit of democratic self-actualisation, as epitomised by the poet Walt Whitman, a portrait of whom Keating displays in his classroom and gestures toward when inciting the boys to emulate his free spirit. Inspired by Keating, the boys re-establish the â€Å"Dead Poets Society†, a club that Keating himself had participated in when a student at Welton. They convene at night in the romantic setting of a nearby cave and share poetry. Keating’s encouragement proves most successful with one of the â€Å"Dead Poets†, Todd Anderson (Ethan Hawke), a teenager so neglected by his parents that he is fearful of human interaction, and petrified of public speaking. Weir subtly conveys the evolving effect Keating’s presence has on Todd, through dexterous camera placement in a series of scenes. In the initial scene, Todd chases his roommate, Neil Perry (Robert Sean Leonard), around their dorm room, trying to retrieve a poem he was composing as an assignment for Keating, which Neil is now playfully reciting aloud. The camera captures the action in a continuous spiralling, pan shot of the boys running in circles within their confined space, creating a spirited, flowing sense of movement. Later, in a long take (28 seconds), the static camera observes Todd, again in his room, as he reads his poem to himself while walking in circles. He is initially pacing at a steady rhythm and smiling to himself, animated by his work, but he then gradually slows and begins to look less sure, before ultimately stopping and despondently tearing up his poem. A cut transfers us to the boys’ classroom the next day, where they are reading their compositions. Todd cowers, insisting he did not prepare a poem, but is encouraged by Keating to usher forth inspiration from Whitman’s portrait for an improvised composition in front of the class. As Keating covers Todd’s eyes, eliciting poetry from the student, the two walk around in continuous circles, followed by the camera, which in turn circles around them in a continuous shot. The effect is a vertiginous one of dizzying movement, which captures the moment of release and rupture for Todd, as he overcomes his inhibitions and spontaneously recites a heartfelt creation, eliciting impressed silence, followed by applause from his classmates. This series of circular movemen ts, suggesting Todd’s burgeoning capacity for self-expression, represents Weir at his most subtle and sophisticated. Todd’s ability to spontaneously compose and recite is rendered all the more persuasive by the almost subliminal referencing of the previous moments of circular movement. Keating’s influence holds different consequences for Todd’s roommate, the kind and charming Neil Perry (Robert Sean Leonard). When Neil’s father learns that his son has discovered a passion for theatre, he forbids him from performing in the local production of A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Neil defies him, only to be informed after the performance that his father is removing him from Welton the next day and sending him instead to military academy, after which he will attend medical school. The news constitutes a ten-year sentence for the artistically inclined teenager, who cannot bear the prospect. That night, in a haunting sequence of elisions, we learn through his parent’s distraught, slow motion reactions that Neil has killed himself. John Keating is indirectly blamed for Neil’s death and the school authorities coax some of the boys Keating had taken into his trust into condemning his unconventional teaching. Rather than presenting a facile depiction of a repressive establishment’s collapse against the ultimately victorious seekers of self-expression (a favourite American tale), Weir explores the scapegoating mechanism through which the establishment responds to a challenge to its symbolic order. As Keating’s class sits sheepishly, listening to droll instruction from the school principal who orchestrated Keating’s dismissal and who is now teaching his poetry class, their former teacher enters the room to collect his belongings. Before Keating leaves, Todd, previously unable to talk in front of a group, boldly stands on his desk (a position Keating had occasionally encouraged them to assume in order to â€Å"change their perspective†) and turns in one last circular motion, this time to face Keating and address him with the teacher’s favourite Whitman address, â€Å"Oh Captain, my Captain†. Rousing music builds to a crescendo as the school principal repeatedly orders Todd to get down or risk expulsion. The boy stands firm, looking more composed than ever before, as various other students follow his lead. A high angle point of view shot reveals Keating, with eyes watering, from Todd’s vantage point. With this final scene of defiance, Weir suggests that the seeds of discontent that will usher in the counter-culture of the 1960s have been sown.

Growth And Development Reflection English Language Essay

Growth And Development Reflection English Language Essay Through the video lectures in this course and the previous course, I have gained a great deal of new knowledge that will assist me in being a better teacher to my English language learners. The top five ideas that will stick with me throughout the rest of my teaching career include: Krashens Affective Filter, Cummins Common Underlying Language Proficiency theory (CULP), the importance of being a Culturally Responsive teacher, the Four Domains of Language, and how to Differentiate Instruction. I am not a fluent Spanish speaker, but after teaching at a school with a high ELL student population and taking many conversational Spanish classes Ive picked up enough of the language to help me get by. However, I still do not feel comfortable speaking Spanish in front of my peers, students, or their parents. The Affective Filter theory (Krashen, 1981) helped to explain the reasons why I was so uncomfortable in speaking the Spanish language around others. I finally understand why some of my students arent picking up the English language as fast as others. They may have the skills necessary to communicate in English, but they lack the self confidence and motivation needed to try something new such as learning a new language. It can be very intimidating to learn a new language. Not only are you trying to transfer your native language skills into a new langauge, but you also have to worry about your accent, grammar and correct pronunciation. The fear of making a mistake can hinder the process of acquiring a second language; therefore, I will try to lower my students affective filter by making my ELL students feel as comfortable as possible when speaking English. I will try to speak more Spanish around them so they can see that they arent the only ones trying to learn something new. We will go through the learning process together and they will know that it is okay to make a mistake. I truly belive in the Common Underlying Language Proficiency (CULP) theory developed by Cummins (1991). Ive seen first hand that when my students are proficient in their native language, it makes it easier for them to transfer those skills into the English language. Ive had some students come to me with little or no native (L-1) language skills. Its a very long and difficult process to help those students acquire the English language since they have virtually no knowledge base to work with. Its almost like teaching an infant a new language only more challanging since you cant spend all of your time working one-on-one with just that student. You cant give them all the attention they need in order to catch them up to the rest of their peers. Also, you have no control over what happens when they leave the classroom. Most of those students get no exposure to the English language once they go home. The course lectures have taught me how important it is to be a culturally responsive teacher (Gay, 2000). In the past, I have tried to incorporate a lot of my students culture into my lessons. However, I have not done a very good job of teaching them about cultures other than their own. I have a few non-Hispanic students in my classroom whose cultures Ive neglected this year. I put too much emphasis on my Hispanic students and did not do a very good job of making my students aware of all the other cultures throughout the world. Now that I am more aware of what it means to be culturally responsive I will do a better job with the students I have next school year. I plan on teaching them about the Italian culture since that is my heritige. I also would like my students to do a research project on themselves. They would get to interview their family members, bring in pictures about their life, and present their findings to the class. Not only would this activity give the students a chanc e to find out more about themselves, but it would also teach my students to appreciate the fact that we are all unique. The Four Domains of Language are listening, speaking, reading and writing. I learned that listening and reading are receptive while speaking and writing are expressive forms of language. I find that many of my ELL students have great receptive language, but are lacking when it comes to expressive language. I can attribute that to the fact that we spend so much time trying to teach our ELL students the rules of the English language such as phonological awareness, phonics and vocabulary. As a result, we dont put enough emphasis on fluency or writing. My ELL students are able to decode and can read in English if I were to put a grade level passage in front of them, but they are not fluent and would have a very difficult time writing a summary of the text they just read. In order to address the lack of expressive language, I conduct timed fluency checks will all of my students on a regular basis. My students chart the amount of words they read in a minute and are constantly trying to increase their fluency. I also have a fluency center in which my students can work on their rate and accuracy through the use of repeated readings. They enjoy working with a partner and list ening to each other read. We also do a lot of readers theatre, poetry and plays to work on making them more comfortable with speaking the English language. In the area of writing, we use graphic organizers in every core curriculum area. My students also have a journal in which they have five minutes of free writing each day. I want them to have as much practice as possible in the areas of reading, listening, speaking and writing so they will be proficient in all four domains of language. Finally, in the area of differentiated instruction I think Ive come the farthest. With the influx of Response to Intevention/Instruction (RTI), Ive made more of an effort to differentiate my instruction not just for my ELL students but for all my students. I not only take into account my students language codes when planning a lesson, but now I also look at their proficiency levels and background cultural factors. When I plan center activities I now try to have lessons that will fit the needs of all my students. I want to challenge my advanced learners as well as provide activities that will make my below grade level students feel successful. For whole group lessons, I make sure to tap into my students prior knowledge of a subject, set the stage for learning, place a large emphasis on vocabulary, incorporate graphic organizers, provide realia, and ask higher level thinking questions. These are great strategies not just for ELL students, but for all students.

Marxism Isnt Dead Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Marx Essays

ABSTRACT: I defend the continued viability of Marx's critique of capitalism against Ronald Aronson's recent claim that because Marxists are 'unable to point to a social class or movement' away from capitalism, Marxism is 'over' 'as a project of historical transformation.' First, Marx's account of the forced extraction of surplus labor remains true. It constitutes an indictment of the process of capital accumulation because defenses of capitalism's right to profit based on productive contribution are weak. If generalized, the current cooperative movement, well advanced in many nations, can displace capitalism and thus counts as the movement Aronson challenges Marxists to point to. It will do this, I argue, by stopping capitalist exploitation, blocking capital accumulation, and narrowing class divisions. But in defending Marx by pointing to the cooperative movement, we have diverged from Marx's essentially political strategy for bringing about socialism onto an economic one of support for tendencies toward workplace democracy worldwide. Why isn't Marxism dead? Many anti-Marxists and even some Marxists say it is. As proof, anti-Marxists point to the failure of the Soviet model of socialism, that is, an undemocratic government controlling the means of production, replacing markets with bureaucratic planning of production and distribution. (1) But on Marx's view undeveloped countries like czarist Russia with a minority working class were in no position to lead what was to be in any case a global change from an interdependent world market to socialism "as the act of the dominant peoples 'all at once' and simultaneously." (2) If anything the USSR's failure proved Marx right! (3) In the end Marx envisioned not government control... ...F. and Whyte, K.K., Making Mondragon: The Growth and Dynamics of the Worker Cooperative Complex (Ithica: ILR Press, 1988). (20) Robert Fitch, "In Bologna, Small is Beautiful," The Nation, May 13, 1996. (21) Grassroots Economic Organizing Newsletter (GEO), #16 and #17, Winter-Spring 1995. (22) GEO, #12, Fall 1994. Many other countries have deep cooperative traditions, including the UK, France, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Indonesia, India, Chile, and Argentina. (23) This finding was a summary of forty-three economic studies by David Levine and Laura D'Andrea Tyson, "Participation, Productivity, and the Firm's Environment," in A. Blinder, editor, Paying for Productivity: A Look at the Evidence (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institute, 1990), pp. 205-214. (24) "Inaugural Address of the Working Men's International Association," (1864) in Tucker, p. 518. Marxism Isn't Dead Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Marx Essays ABSTRACT: I defend the continued viability of Marx's critique of capitalism against Ronald Aronson's recent claim that because Marxists are 'unable to point to a social class or movement' away from capitalism, Marxism is 'over' 'as a project of historical transformation.' First, Marx's account of the forced extraction of surplus labor remains true. It constitutes an indictment of the process of capital accumulation because defenses of capitalism's right to profit based on productive contribution are weak. If generalized, the current cooperative movement, well advanced in many nations, can displace capitalism and thus counts as the movement Aronson challenges Marxists to point to. It will do this, I argue, by stopping capitalist exploitation, blocking capital accumulation, and narrowing class divisions. But in defending Marx by pointing to the cooperative movement, we have diverged from Marx's essentially political strategy for bringing about socialism onto an economic one of support for tendencies toward workplace democracy worldwide. Why isn't Marxism dead? Many anti-Marxists and even some Marxists say it is. As proof, anti-Marxists point to the failure of the Soviet model of socialism, that is, an undemocratic government controlling the means of production, replacing markets with bureaucratic planning of production and distribution. (1) But on Marx's view undeveloped countries like czarist Russia with a minority working class were in no position to lead what was to be in any case a global change from an interdependent world market to socialism "as the act of the dominant peoples 'all at once' and simultaneously." (2) If anything the USSR's failure proved Marx right! (3) In the end Marx envisioned not government control... ...F. and Whyte, K.K., Making Mondragon: The Growth and Dynamics of the Worker Cooperative Complex (Ithica: ILR Press, 1988). (20) Robert Fitch, "In Bologna, Small is Beautiful," The Nation, May 13, 1996. (21) Grassroots Economic Organizing Newsletter (GEO), #16 and #17, Winter-Spring 1995. (22) GEO, #12, Fall 1994. Many other countries have deep cooperative traditions, including the UK, France, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Indonesia, India, Chile, and Argentina. (23) This finding was a summary of forty-three economic studies by David Levine and Laura D'Andrea Tyson, "Participation, Productivity, and the Firm's Environment," in A. Blinder, editor, Paying for Productivity: A Look at the Evidence (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institute, 1990), pp. 205-214. (24) "Inaugural Address of the Working Men's International Association," (1864) in Tucker, p. 518.

The Alluring Amontillado Essays -- Literature

The Alluring Amontillado Revenge is the act of retaliation for an offense or injury caused to a person by another. The act of revenge can become an overpowering and consuming emotion that involves every part of someone’s existence. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† revenge is the theme that runs throughout the story and drives the motive for murder. The character, Montresor, uses revenge as his motive for killing Fortunato. Fortunato is reminiscent of a fatherly character, which elicits painful memories for Montresor. In eliminating Fortunato, Montresor assumes the role that places him closest to the affections of a motherly figure. Edgar Allan Poe’s life is reflective of the motivations of Montresor’s actions and how the Oedipus complex is featured in this short story. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1809 to parents who were actors at the local theatre. He never knew his father, David Poe, who died in 1810 after abandoning Poe’s mother shortly after Poe was born. His mother, who suffered from consumption, died in Richmond, Virginia in late 1811, orphaning Edgar, his older brother William Henry, and half-sister Rosalie. Soon after their mother’s death, the children were separated and sent to relatives or other families to be raised. Edgar had very little contact with his siblings after their mother’s death. A planter and his wife, who lived in Richmond Virginia, accepted Poe into their family, but never formally adopted him. From the childless wife of Mr. John Allan, Edgar received extensive affection, but it was improbable that she was ever able to give all the affection that he craved from his deceased birth mother. Mr. Allan regarded Edgar with mute affection and mostly offered money in place of any physi... ... who was forever searching for that one elusive person who could give him the validation he so wanted. He appears to have placed so much value on the affections of a mother who would forever be absent. Montresor, in Poe’s fictional story, was successful in committing the revengeful deed he sought. Fortunato, from his grave, forever haunted the lonesome soul of Montresor. Works Cited May, Charles E. Edgar Allan Poe: A Study of the Short Fiction. Boston: Twayne, 1991. Print. Poe, Edgar. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado.† The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. 533-537. Print. Pruette, Lorine. "A Psycho-Analytical Study of Edgar Allan Poe." The American Journal of Psychology 31.4 (1920): 370-402. JSTOR. Web. 31 Mar. 2012. .

The Irish Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ireland has a great history of war, famine, despair, and hardship. Throughout the years the Irish have come from the lowest of lows to the highest of highs. In this paper I will give a history of the Irish people before coming to America, what it was coming here, how they were welcomed to their new home, and how they are faring now. I will also expose many of the stereotypes that the Irish have pinned to them and the reason that they are there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early 1800's, the Irish had great success in the potato industry due to the high prices for agricultural products because of the war with England. Soon though, prices began to fall and so did productivity. For that reason, the owners of the farm land turned there plots into grazing areas. There was an addition problem though, what would happen to the hundreds of other farmers that worked the land? One popular solution for most â€Å"landlords†, as they were called, was to evict all the tenants, whether they were paid up for rent or not. Then they would destroy their homes so that they could not return.(No author 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The now homeless people turned to secret organizations to retaliate against the people that they once depended on to live their lives. Some names of these groups were Rightboys, Thrashers, Ribbonmen, and Whitefoots.(No author 1). When these vigilantes were caught, their punishments were severe. Something as simple as stealing a piece of bread could land you a multiple year sentence in prison. To add insult to injury, the prisons that these people were sent to was in Australia, many miles away from there homes. It was thought that things for the Irish could not get any worse, but in 1845 that is just what happened.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The potato was a very significant part of the Irish way of life. It is one of the few foods that a person can survive solely on. Many homes lived exclusively on the potato, they could   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ... ...e in their new country. Now all we have to do as a society is drop all the foolish stereotypes that most of us still have and let the Irish be the Irish, Whites be the Whites, the Blacks be the Blacks and so on. Who cares where people come from or what has happened in the past? We are in the here and now, no need to look back on things done long ago. Put the past behind and the future in front and I think that America would be better off.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Connery, Donald. The Irish   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Simon and Schuster. New York, NY. 1968 Kennedy, Robert. The Irish   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University of California Press. Berkley and Los Angeles California. 1973 Larson, Audrey. History of Ireland www.humboldt1.com   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2-27-2004 McCarthy, Joe. The World Library: Ireland   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time Incorporated. New York, NY. 1964 O Grada, Cormac. Black ‘47 and Beyond   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. 1999 No Author. Http://www.humboldt1.com/history/.2-27-2004   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Fashion Channel

How would you interpret the consumer and market data if you were Dana Wheeler? I would first try to see if I could classify the data into various segments. The fashion channel is very popular among women. Hence, I would differentiate between the women viewers based on age, spending capacity, fashion nerdiness, etc. These will become subsets of the superset â€Å"women viewers†. Once, I determine the segments I would look for any noticeable trends in the segments that will prove profitable for the business.For example, some of the trends in the provided market data were: 1. Approximately, 15% of the women viewers were Fashionistas who give lot of importance to fashion and follow the trends closely. These consumers will spend a lot of money on fashion because they care for it (about 50% have an income more than $100k). 2. About 35% of the women viewers were Fashionistas and Planners/Shoppers. This segment consists of a more diverse consumer base. Serving this segment will defini tely increase the ratings. Q 2) What is the expected outcome of each of the targeting scenarios? SCENARIO 1: Financial and Viewership: Since scenario 1 deals with a broader segment (Fashionistas, Planners & Shoppers, and Situationalists), the viewership is expected to increase. This increase in viewership will attract more advertisement deals. Hence, the overall ad revenue might increase as compared to 2006 (will depend on the rate of CPM). -SCENARIO 2: Financial and Viewership: Scenario 2 deals with a â€Å"laser† specific single segment. The risk associated with this segment is that there will fewer people comprising it.If this number is less than the last year’s viewership, the viewership rating will drop. However, this scenario will attract ad deals which are willing to pay more CPM rates, hence, the net revenue will increase depending on the rating (0. 8% as compared to 1% in 2006). -SCENARIO 3: Financial and Viewership: Scenario 3 is much more balanced than scena rio 1 and 2. Scenario 3 can be considered as the middle of the spectrum in which scenario 1 and 2 occupy the ends. Scenario 3 is neither â€Å"laser† specific nor includes a very wide consumer base.Hence, there are ample chances of increase in viewership (increased to 1. 2% from 1% in 2006). Together with the increase in viewership, it will attract more CPM for ad deals as compared to scenario 1 and hence the net revenue will be more than scenario 1. At the same time, this increase in net revenue might match the net revenue of scenario 3 if the increase in viewers match the deficit caused by the reduced CPM in case of scenario 3. Q 3) Develop a factual analysis of the segmentation options, and evaluate the pros and cons of each. SCENARIO 1: Ad revenue/year saw a marginal increase as compared 2007 base. Cost of programming is the lowest. Pros: Increase in the number of viewers since the channel is catering to a wider audience. Cons: Since, there is no real change in the TYPE o f viewers the ad deals will not have high CPM (thus reducing the net revenue). Also, this scenario will be most prone to the loss in market share when competitors can come up with better programs. -SCENARIO 2: Huge increase in ad revenue couple with increase in cost of programming, which brought down the profit margin.Pros: Segment consists of viewers who show high interest in fashion and hence will attract more CPM. Investing $15 million in improving the programs and related content will increase ratings. Cons: Smallest of the four segments. It is risky to target just this group since viewership depends heavily on novel and interesting programs. Money has to be invested consistently to improve program content. SCENARIO 3: Huge increase in ad revenue couple with increase in cost of programming, which brought down the profit margin.Pros: More wider audience and dual-targeting will ensure more viewership. The CPM is expected to increase from $1. 2 to $2. 5. Cons: Additional $20 millio n investment on program specialization. Q 4) If you were Dana Wheeler, what would you recommend and why? I would recommend scenario 3 for the following reasons: 1) Fashionistas have high interest in fashion and planners and Shoppers will ensure improve viewership. By incorporating both the segments the fashion channel can target both fashion-oriented and regular programming. ) Fashionistas will ensure CPM boost and planners and shoppers will ensure higher rating both of which will have positive influence on net income. 3) Although, additional $20 million was invested in creating new programs, the net income and profit margin was close to that of scenario 2. 4) Focusing on two segments will remove some possible risks associated with focusing on just one concentrate segment such as low ratings, etc. 5) By choosing scenario 3 it is easy convince the present leadership to make changes in the marketing strategy as compared to scenario 2.Q 5) Dana is filling the role of change agent in th is organization. How should she manage the discussion and meeting to be most effective in leading the group to make the right decision? I think Dana should choose scenario 3 over scenario 2. Although, the margins are almost the same for both the segments, it will be hard to convince the leadership to adopt scenario 2. This is because it will be a sudden change from the BROAD marketing strategy they got used to. Once, scenario 3 starts producing better results, it will be easier to convince the leadership to adopt scenario 2.

The Operations Of Standard Chartered Bank Commerce Essay

well-worn rent affirm is a British depository financial institution headquartered in capital of the United Kingdom with operating theaters in more than 70 farmings. It operates a weathervane of oer 1,700 subdivisions and mer shtuptile establishments ( including subordinates, associates and joint ventures ) and employs 73,000 concourse.Despite its British base, it has few clients in the United body politic and 90 % of its plunder in cuts come from Asia, Africa, and the centerfield East. It aims to cater a safe restrictive span mingled with these smashing stinting schemas. trite charter has a history of every spot 150 old ages in relying and operates in m both of the universe s fastest-growing markets with an extended envisi unrivaledtary web of over 1,700 subdivisions ( including subordinates, associates and joint ventures ) in over 70 states in the Asia Pacific Region, S awayh Asia, the shopping centre East, Africa, the United Kingdom and the Americas. As an giotensin converting enzyme of the universe s most world bulky money boxss, regulation rent employs slightly 73,000 people, set up foring over 125 nationalities, worldwide. This differentness lies at the bosom of the entrust s set and supports the believe s growing as the universe progressively becomes one market.The ultimate success of any strategy depends on its adult male imaginativeness. This purpose makes valet pick a challenging and critical helping for directors to command. Torrington and Hall ( 1987 ) define benignant resource military commission as creation a series of activities which foremost enable molds people and their employing administrations to gain astir(predicate) the aims and spirit of their working(a) relationship and, secondly, ensures that the understanding is complete .The Human resource of an organisation is non entirely a critical plus at pre move but has become an of effect first gear of competitory advantage in the assidui ty.Human resource Department at regulation undertake chamfer has 3 operation units 1 ) . issue and Benefits 2 ) .Recruiting and resourcing and 3 ) Tr aining and developing. Recruitment/Resourcing unit of HR sh argon attracts campaigners to subject application with the HR Department via several agencies. raising and growing unit performs several maps that atomic number 18 druthers course after the employees stool been selected, the particle makes the employee old(prenominal) with the corporation history, policies, regulations and ordinances, the working topographical rank and the colleagues, supervisory syllabuss and sub-ordinates and developing refers to the eruditeness of cognition, accomplishments, and competences as a consequence of the instruction of practical accomplishments and cognition that relate to peculiar(prenominal) utile competences. earnings and Benefits section performs the map of purpose the requital bundles for its employees, which include, Direct Compensation includes the underlying rewards and wages of employees and new(prenominal) direct hard silver inducements like fillips, increases, stock ownership and actor which is the activation or energization of goal-oriented behaviour. Harmonizing to assorted theories, motive may be rooted in the basic demand to minimise fleshly hurting and maximise pleasance.Chapter 2 breeding Gathering2.1 Source of teaching on that point be cardinal major attacks to garnering cultivation about a state of affairs, individual, hypothecate or phenomenon. Based upon these wide attacks to using assemblage, informations ar categorized asa? Primary informations.a? secondary coil informationIn this record, both prime and secondary graduation exercises have been utilize. Primary beginnings be interview and observation.Primary sources-Face to face up interview and observation techniques have been conjoined to gazump up informations. A questionnaire has been use to upchuc k up informations.Secondary beginnings such as Text booksThesiss pertlyspapers and DiariesInternet ( online information ) deliver notes and experiencesAcademic staff and an other(prenominal) departmental resourcesThe work of friends and other pupilsIn improver there ar besides a largish imagine of other beginnings including studies, industry study.2.2 nurture assemblage techniquesAnalyze giving medication one-year monetary studyThis would add a just apprehension of how the section maps and place nucleus countries. Annual study is an reliable beginning of information.Document recapitulationBruce C. ( 1992 ) identifies several phases for papers reappraisal. Phases are speculate analysis, place lean countries, political program hunt articles, detect hunt method to laytable tools, carry out hunt and in conclusion reexamine. After placing job, books, diaries and cyberspace are used to grow cogitate papers. Search has been through by utilizing cardinal tool such as nuc leus job, books name and plunk for uping fuses.LiteratureLiterature provided by high society about future planning, roll uping unfermented equipment, selling scheme and pedagogy policy.2.3 primer of usage of such beginning of information noe of the methods of informations aggregation provides nose candy per cent accurate and dependable information. The lumber of the information gathered is dependent upon a figure of other factors, which are described belowBooks I ) There is a big sum of text to readdeuce ) a assortment of different sorts of associate information in one topographic officeInternet sites- I ) new-fangled statistics are addressabledeuce ) images link to topic A besides availableDatabase I ) online information can be reliableA A A A A A A A A A A A A A Atwo ) quality information centered around a peculiar focal pointDiaries i ) recent information written by experts in a fieldtwo ) studies on research done by professionals AReports I ) have round thought about jobIn instance of choosing information, deriveing factors are consideredInformation qualityReliable informationCredibility, Accuracy, Reasonableness, SupportChapter 3Discussion3.1 RECRUITINGRecruitment is the process of pulling, showing, and choosing qualified people for a product line at an organisation or house. precedent contract Bank follow diversity policy between outer enlist and inwrought enlisting. Resourcing refers to internal enlisting the regular Chartered that is, they try to enroll campaigners for idle pedigrees from within the organisation, and Recruitment refers to external enlisting, which may include fresh alumnuss or people working in other houses.The Recruiting physical processThe recruiting modus operandi at warning Chartered Bank is conducted in an efficient mode. Enrolling procedure can be summarized as- physical bodyation of transmission line Vacancy pedigree Description forwarded by sectionsDetermination of Grade and Designation seam Posti ngApplication received HR Department1 ) Designation of Job Vacancy If an employee leaves the house due to any ground, which may be surrender to fail to another house, or any other ground such as, retirement, expiration or decease, a vacancy is formed at the several section of the money box. The section conservatively analyses and identifies this vacancy and the seam rendering is forwarded to the HR section.2 ) Job Description forwarded by Department- The section in which the vacancy is created, sends a complete Job summary Information to the HR specializers so that they can learn the course right and expeditiously. count ons HR section consider when they create employment description as followsa? To accomplish more effectual and efficient usage of employees / human resources.a? To bring out recruit employees who ingest the necessary accomplishments and competencies.a? To accomplish a mellower rate of satisfied and better developed employee.a? To ease formulation and d evelopment programmes3 ) Determination of illuminate and appellation When several sections have determine the vacancy and the agate line description has been sent to HR Department, the HR Department decides on the class and appellation of the vacancy. At this phase, HR section besides determines Personal spec of campaigners.4 ) Job posting product line advertizement has been posted in ain web site, other enrolling bureaus web sites and newspaper.5 ) Application received by HR Department- After the occupation has been posted the campaigners who are interested send their application to HR Department via mail or postage.Aim of recruitment procedureThe direction of cadence Chartered finds recruitment pricey because,a? It brings fresh endowment and cognition into the rima? It helps get the better ofing the job of employee obsolescence.Table 1 Recruitement procedureJOB ANALYSISJOB DESCRIPTION mortal SPECIFICATIONTroubles in recruitingCompetences of bing employees must be identi fied, delimitate and assessed to find future capability demands.Invalid forecasters of future general monstranceCapriciousness of the future external cranch market must be considered in relation to changing and updating occupation description demands.3.2TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENTThe unit of pedagogy and Development performs several of import maps for the bank like orientation and the general Training and Development.Orientation ProcedureThe procedure of orientation is conducted at Standard Chartered Bank as follows-1 ) Need finding for orientation programme2 ) Design of orientation programme3 ) transaction of orientation programme4 ) Analysis of orientation programmeTrainingin the beginning get cut downing developing plan employees are asked to do Personal Development Profile ( PDP is one of the most of import employee paperss at Standard Chartered Bank. Standard Chartered Bank provides two showcases of training-1 ) In house training- The In-house conceptualization is prefe r at Standard Chartered as it is damage-efficient. Major Training Methods Used Standard Chartered chiefly uses the undermentioned preparedness and development methods areOn the occupation preparationThe preparation or development takes topographic point in the employment itself. Common methods used in On the occupation training-CoachingIt is the most customary method to develop the new employees in bank. In this method of developing the supervisor of the new employee supervises the new traineeJob whirlingIt is the 2nd method in which the direction rotates the new employee through different occupations so that he can understand the basic accomplishments required to campaign his occupation in futureInformal acquisitionLectures ready reckoner based preparationOff the occupation preparationThis means that employees give go to classs outside of the workplace normally in either a specializer larning Centre.2 ) Outdoors training- If the trainees need developing in a specific profici ent accomplishment, which the bank can non supply economically, it sends the employee to establish where they get the requited preparation. This preparation programme may be conducted in London, Dubai, or anyplace else where Standard Chartered Bank exists. In that type of preparation, the Standard Chartered employees all over the universe have a prospect to prompt into each other.3.3 MotivationMotivationA isA allA effortsA madeA byA managementA toA sabot employees A toA voluntarily giveA theirA best. ItA mustA beA notedA thatA motivationA comesA fromA withinA theA employeesA himself, butA managementA mustA tryA toA developA andA encourageA thisA motive. Abraham Maslow s motivational theory stated that that motive comes from run intoing employees unsatisfied demands.Below Maslows hierarchy of demands shows how he ranks each demand, which must be achieved from the underside to the top.Self realizationSelf appreciateSocial demandsSafety and security physiological demandsOnce a low er magnitude demand is satisfied employees will go propel by the pass off of ancestry the following higher degree.From direction point of position Maslows theory isEmployees need to be paid an equal sum so they can be provided with their physiological and refuge demands.Employees need societal contact and prosperous relationships with their co-workers.Employees gain esteem when chances of publicity are offeredSelf-actualisation. Giving employees the opportunity to go whatever they wanted e.g. foreman of the company they work for.Standard Chartered Bank follow the Maslow theory in actuate emplotees. For this why, this bank offer Employee Welfare and Benefits ( EWB ) which are mentioned below-1. Employee Sharesave Scheme.2. elbow grease insurance, national wellness insurance and group insurance.3. Periodic wellness scrutiny.4. Subsidy for nuptials, funeral, gestation leave, travel, dependent instruction and societal 9 events. Particular hard currency allowances distributed on three major festivals.5. Offer employees ( retired persons ) the preference of reassigning their pension fund to Staff season Savings Deposit Account for entitlement of a discriminatory appointment rate.6. Discriminatory familiarity rate for staff sedimentations.7. Discriminatory involvement rate for staff loans.8. Particular offers for fiscal minutess discriminatory dealing fees, particular mass meeting rate and inter-bank pleaseation fees.9. Particular wisdom card offers ( issued by the Bank ) no one-year fee, double reward points. deed ManagementStandard Chartered Bank maintains public launching Management System which is analysed and feedback is addicted to employees so that they will be motivated to work more efficaciously.By transporting out public show judicial decisions on employees on a regular basis, any jobs can be identified and dealt with through preparation plans.The benefits of public presentation assessmentIt helps to place preparation demandsIt ma y uncover other jobs there may be troubles with other staffBrands good communicating between employees and directorsGood assessments can be activateIf dismissals need to be made so public presentation assessment records will be available to confer with.performance assessments are carried out every cardinal months. An appraisal interview gives the opportunity for employees to be rewarded and told that they are making a good occupation. It is a good manner of actuating employees because at their assessment interview they could acquire a wage rise or publicity.3.4 REWARDINGReward Management is defined as the distribution of fiscal and non pecuniary wagess to employees in an attempt to aline the involvements of the employees, the organisation and its stockholders. Compensation and Benefits section of Standard Chartered Bank trades with notice system for employees.Compensation directionStandard Chartered gives high importance to allowance bundles because this is the most grievous factor for retaining cardinal employees. Every twelvemonth it gives fillip to its employees. The sum of fillip depends on the sum of net income Standard Chartered World makes. air Ownerships are tending(p) as a Performance Bonuses to employees.As the bank follows Management by Objectives ( MBO ) , specific aims are set at the beginning of the twelvemonth. Management are mended that the employee set up in adequate attempt to sexual morality the award. Sale marks are a good illustration, if the employee meets the directors demands they get a fillip ( Arm beardown(prenominal) & A Murlis 2004 ) .4 ) Comparing compensation and benefits Standard Chartered tries to keep law in its compensation bundlesChapter 4DecisionHuman resource direction demand to scan the universe environment and place emerging tendencies that will continue the organisation and the direction of people in this. To make this, direction ever valuate design of Organization, analyze the work processes and recommen ds betterments when necessary. Human Resource direction work with those determinations and actions which concern the direction of employees at all degrees in the concern and which are related to the consummation of schemes directed towards making and prolonging competitory advantag ( musical composition Miller, 1987 ) .The HR individual contributes to the development of and the operation of the organization-wide concern program and aims. The human resources aims are established to back up the achievement of the overall strategic concern program and aims.In instance of recruiting, preference, preparation, motive and honoring Standard Chartered Bank follow the techniques which insure they are meet for its employees. Standard Chartered maintain both internal and external beginning for enlisting. New employees are trained in-house preparation system, where more than one propensity manner is adopted. Every acquisition manner is different, if it is the 1 of the pragmatist, reflecto r, militant or theoretician. ( Honey and Mumford, 1995 ) . Base on all sorts of feedbacks, Human resource professionals help persons program and progress their callings, which keep employees more unfermented at their work and cut down the employee turnover rate.To actuate employees, public presentation assessment techniques are adopted with upwards feedbacks. There are some drawbacks related to upward feedback. Subordinates could hold a keep back vision and apprehension of their directors function which may ensue in an wrong feedback. Besides, the cost of mediator who is in charge of piecing and administrating the system might be another job. There is several honoring system which are the based on one-year net income and personal public presentations.In decision, cypher likes to have negative remark so directors should place failing of their subsidiaries and suggest puritanical preparation to cut down the chance of unfavourable feedback and employees turnover every point goo d.RecommendationBased on the survey, several recommendations have been made. These includeIn order to successfully carry on the public presentation measuring procedure, Standard Chartered Bank should explicate effectual internal and external communicating mechanism.Compensation wagess and acknowledgment should be linked to public presentation measurings. Performance rating should be positive(p) and non negative.HR should seek to bridge a circle between junior and senior incumbents so that a junior officer should come out even with his personal job. This behavior and relation among senior and junior officer act as a strong motive factor. For this intent they should set up monthly or half annual meetings to discourse the personal and organisational jobs.Employees should be granted work of their ain pick in the bank.The system and processs needed to be up dated and aligned to the market inevitably and concentrate on easing the clients for accomplishing sustainable competitory ad vantage.They should appreciate the difficult working employees. Further more they should besides supply loan installations to every employeeThey should fix the responsibility list of every employee and should take positive stairss to cut down dissatisfaction among employees.REFFERANCEBruce, C. ( 1992 ) Developing pupils subroutine library research accomplishments. HERDSA Green Guide No. 13. HERDSA, Campbelltown, NSW, AustraliaHerzberg et Al ( 1993 ) Motivation to Work. 2nd edn, New York WileyHoney, P. & A Mumford, A. , 1992, The Manual of Learning Styles, P. Honey, Maidenhead, Berkshire, UKMiller, W. ( 1987 ) , strategic Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management, Journal of Management Studies, July, pp347-361Roger, A. ( 1983 ) Using Interviews in military unit Selection .Recruitment Handbook, 3rd edn. Aldershot Gower, 161-77Torrington, D. , Hall, L. ( 1987 ) , Personnel Management A New Approach, Prentice-Hall, LondonWeb siteswww.standardchartered.comwww.wikipedia.co m/enAPPENDICSAppendix 1 Standard Chartered at a glimpseThe criterion chartered Group was formed in 1969 through a amalgamation of two Bankss The standard bank of British conspiracy Africa founded in 1863 and the hired bank of India, Australia and China, founded in 1853. It operates a web of over 1,700 subdivisions and moneymaking(a) establishments ( including subordinates, associates and joint ventures ) and employs 73,000 people.Standard chartered is listed on the London Stock Exchange and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and is a component of the FTSE 100 Index. Its largest stockholder is Temasek Holdings.Organizational doctrine, purpose toAttract, develop and retain endowmentMake a strengths-based administrationKeep a diverse and inclusive workplaceDrive public presentation through increased fightAppendix 2 QuestionnaireQuestionnaire for face to represent interviewStandard Chartered BankNameaaaaaaaaaaaa .Job Titleaaaaaaaaaa A. Question about enlisting process1. What is your miss ion pedagogy or doctrine?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa2. What are the aims and ends of the company?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa4. What are the cardinal activities of HRM section?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa5. What is the Recruiting method ( s ) used?InternalExternal other ( Please stipulate ) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa6. What are the stairss the company follow in enlisting?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa7. What plans do you hold in topographic point to guarantee that the best or most suited applier is chosen?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa8. How are occupation posters done?NewspapersTelevisionInternet familiarity web sitesCombination ( Please narrow ) aaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa .Other ( Please Specify ) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .9. ar occupation posters developed from a watercourse place description or recent occupation analysis?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa10. Make menses place descriptions or occupation analyses place the indispensable cognition, accomplishments, abilities, instruction, and experience needed to execute the occupation?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa11. What are the choice method used by the bank?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa12. Why do you utilize more than one choice method?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaB. Questions about preparation13. What types of preparation do you supply for new employees?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .14. What are the methods used in preparation?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa15. Make you set up outdoorsy preparation? If yes, Pleas specify grounds fag it?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..C. Questions about Motivation16. How long have you been occupied in the company?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa17. How do you experience out about the occupation?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..18. Make you believe that you are being adequately compensated?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa19. What types of benefits company offers for employees?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa20. Make you transport out public presentation assessment method? If yes, delight stipulate ground behind it?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..D. Questions about honoring21.Are the bank rewarded employees for a good occupation?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .22. What are the policies about honoring?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .23.Please reference types of compensation system of this bank?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa