Implementing the War Measures Act and sending troops into Quebec

Introduction FLQ group has existed in Canada for several years. In October, FLQ was linked in kidnapping Mr. James Cross, a British trade minister for Canada in his Westmount home, some days later; they abducted Mr. Pierre Laporte, the Quebec minister for labor. Prior to these kidnaps, the law enforcers in Quebec had collected secret information on the group’s unaccomplished activities in the region.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Implementing the War Measures Act and sending troops into Quebec specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The law enforcer’s reveals that the group was in the middle of executing a kidnap mission on Israel and American diplomatic missions in Montreal (Pike). These criminal actions associated with FLQ group suggest that if left unchecked, Quebec is likely to plunge into a lawlessness region in the country. The Prime Minister is alarmed by these criminal activities of the group. He nce, as a member of his cabinet, he has informed me to give suggestions whether the cabinet can implement War Measures Act and send troops to Quebec to thwart the organization’s criminal activities. In this memo, I outline several reasons why the Prime Minister should implement the War Measures Act so that the FLQ criminal activities can be prevented. I believe that once implemented, the Act will help restore calm, renew Canadians confidence and prevent future occurrences of similar criminal activities, not only in Quebec but also in the rest of the country. Why War Measures Act and sending troops to Quebec is justified I believe the Prime Minister should implement the War Measures Act to help restore calm and return the rule of law in Quebec province. The act is critical because it will allow the Federal government to renew the confidence of the Canadian people (Fisher). The Act, besides dealing directly with the FLQ group, it will also help repress other criminal groups in the province that are involved in lawlessness activities. Similarly, Jenish indicates that the Act will confer powers to the police and the army to search, detain and arrest individuals (leaders) commanding the terror group (Jenish). This will eventually weaken the group’s participation in terror activities and restore peace and stability in Quebec. Also, by implementing the War Measures Act, the law will prevent repeat of similar crisis in the future. Jenish claims that kidnapping diplomatic and government officials are acts of treason; it tarnishes the integrity of the host country. Besides, the criminals may utilize the gaps available in the law to commit more crime. Thus, the cabinet initiative to support Prime Minister’s direction will help deter the group from destabilizing the region in the future (Jenish).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The historical backgroun d of FLQ is rooted in its quest to have a pro-independence state. Thus, Borovoy (110) claims that at some point in Quebec history, the group wanted to make Quebec a sovereign state specifically for English speaking Canadians (Borovoy, 110). To reinforce their threats, they used violence and enhanced unlawful practices in the province. Owing to their criminal history, I believe that by implementing the War Measures Act, the province will liberate itself from the criminal activities of this group. Why the War Measures Act, and sending troops to Quebec is not a solution Despite the War Measures Act being significant in restoring peace and calm in the region, I feel its implementation by the Prime Minister will have negative impact on the population living in Quebec province. This is because the War Measures Act will inspire fear in the population. Similarly, the Act will empower the police and the army, making them target innocent people through a mistaken identity (Borovoy, 119). Thus , the War Measures Act will create more unrest leading to non -cooperation between the citizens and the authority in regard to provision of vital information. Also, Là ©vesque (167) cites that the War Measures Act is meant to be implemented when Canada is facing imminent threat or aggression from other nations. Thus, in this context, Canada is not at war with any country. Therefore, by implementing the Act, the Prime Minister will be seen as a misusing his powers as provided in the Canadian constitution (Là ©vesque, 165). It is also feared that by implementing the Act, the cabinet will be tramping on the Civil Rights of its people (Tetley, 98). This is because the War Measures Act allows police and the army to use use force when conducting search in residential places. Similarly, Vault and William (113) indicates that the Act empowers the police and the army to carry out unjustified arrests without giving explanations. Moreover, Vault and William (115) also indicate the Act gives law enforcers powers to expel or exclude individuals when suspected as members of illegal organization. Hence, the Act will be exploited by the police and the army to suppress the rights of ordinary people. Besides these arguments, Vault and William (112) also point out that the law will not distinguish the FLQ members and other innocent groups/organizations; hence, this justification will complicate its smooth application in the province. Moreover, Vault and William (109) allege that more issues will arise as a result of implementing the War Measures Act. He opines that â€Å"in tumultuous times, it is easy for a person to create speculative thoughts† (Vault and William, 109). This is done in order to gain a mileage in politics.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Implementing the War Measures Act and sending troops into Quebec specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case, I believe that the Canadians will view the Prime Minister benefiting from the law. Similarly, Tetley (131) points out that the Prime Minister’s government will be viewed as obstructing nationalism and quelling separatism as advocated by the FLQ in some of their demand. Conclusion The activities of FLQ need to be condemned by all peace lovers. The wicked acts they have committed such as kidnapping innocent people should not be tolerated. They should use official avenues to voice their concerns. Hence, having a hidden agenda and expressing it through acts of terror and violence is not the best way to do. As a member of the Prime Minister’s cabinet, I support the government decision of implementing War Measures Act. I believe when this Act is implemented a clear and swift action will taken against the FLQ group. The Prime minister’s government will be able to contain the group quickly before its criminal activities spread across the country. By implementing the War Measures Act in Quebec, the Feder al government will help renew the Canadian confidence in matters of their security and protection. This is because the role of the government is to protect its people. Also, the Act will confer powers to the army and police to search and detain individuals spearheading unrests in the province. This will ultimately contribute to peace and stability in the region. Moreover, the War Measures Act will prevent future repeat of similar crisis. This is because individuals and other groups will fear being caught on the wrong side of the law. Also, by assessing the group’s historical roots, we can deduce that it is linked to history of violence. This fact, therefore, reinforces the assertion that the Prime Minister should move ahead and implement the Act. If not implemented, the province will continue to witness a series of violence (Là ©vesque, 249). On the other hand, by implementing the Act, and ultimately sending troops to Quebec, the local people will live in fear. This is becau se the army and the police will use brutal approach in their attempt of flushing out FLQ members and fail to recognize the real culprits. Moreover, the Act is only meant to be implemented when Canada is facing external threat or aggression from other nations. Thus, in this context, Canada is not at war; hence, the Prime Minister will be misusing his powers while attempting to implement it. I would suggest that the Prime Minister should search for alternate strategies of containing the activities of this group rather than using the War Measures Act.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lastly, the Act will create adverse effect on the citizens of the province. This is because it will withdraw their civil rights such as right of expression, movement, speech and association among others. And when these fundamental freedoms are taken away from the people, it is likely that more people will be motivated to join this group or other groups as a way of illustrating their anger. Besides, people will view the government has unfriendly to them and possibly fail to involve actively in its activities. Works Cited Borovoy, Alan. â€Å"Rebuilding a Free Society,† in Power Corrupted: The October Crisis and the Repression of Quebec, Abraham Rotstein, ed. Toronto: New Press, 1971. Print. Fisher, Douglas. The October Crisis revisited, 2012. Web. Henderson, R David. Trudeau’s War Measures Act: A Reminiscence, 2010. Web. Jenish, D’Arcy, The October Crisis, 2012. Web. Là ©vesque, Renà ©. Memoirs, Toronto: McClelland Stewart, 1986. Print. Pike, Cynthia. The Cons equences of the War Measures Act, 2012. Web. Tetley, William, October Crisis, 1970: An Insider’s View, Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s Press – MQUP, 2007. Print. Vault, de Carole and William Johnson. The informer: confessions of an ex-terrorist, Scarborough: Fleet Books, 1982. Print. This essay on Implementing the War Measures Act and sending troops into Quebec was written and submitted by user Daisy Doyle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Industrial Revolution - Essay Example Industrial revolution occurred between 1750 and 1850. It is considered to be the most significant event in human history after domestication of animals and plants. Industrial revolution started in England and spread abundantly all over the globe changing the lives of many people. In 1784, innovation of steam engine was one of the many technologies which brought industrial revolution. The efficiency and power of industrial revolution lifted the modest workshop industries to high speed factories. One of its key achievements was the impact it had on the iron industry. Since the middle age till 17th century, iron industry used trial-and- error methods. Wood was mainly used as combustible fuel. However, in 18th century, wood was replaced with coal as a combustible fuel for producing wrought and cast iron (Esler & Elis, 2007). Use of furnaces further refined the process of iron production and consisted of two separate compartments. In the field of metallurgy, use of furnaces enhanced production of wrought iron. This iron was considered to be the best quality to be used for machinery and construction. Further industrial growth brought the emergence of steel which was a major breakthrough. It was the first metal used to construct road, bridges, canals, and railroads in France and England before spreading to the rest of Europe. The other advantage of industrial revolution was introduction of faster mode of transport which facilitated travelling of goods and people. In addition, it led to emergence of new era of commercial activities which strengthened economy (Esler & Elis, 2007). However, industrial revolution had a profound impact on conditions of human beings especially workers in urban areas. The shift of agrarian occupation to that of industry, led to a dramatic increase in urban population. High population increased spread of diseases while crime and filth became the dominating themes of the city life. The working

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Structural Change Management Process: The NHS The case study report below is complete dissection of the undertaken structural change process by the Rossett NHS Hospital Trust to achieve its business objectives. Rossett NHS Hospital Trust attempted to introduce generic worker concept involving about 250 employees from its huge employee base of 2800. This change was part of a wider, strategic transformation in the NHS hospital with its focus on human resources issues, and in compliance with government initiatives, in the process realise continual improvement in quality of services rendered to patients and improve value for money. The nature of and rationale for the attempt of introduction of the generic worker concept was to achieve significant reduction in waiting times, improve flexibility, responsiveness to the patient needs by combining the roles right to the ward level and creating a central pool. This would enhance multiskilled work force who are eligible enough to conduct other full range of domestic and portering roles and other services including serving patient, clearing, and portering. The management through this structural change i.e. adapting to generic worker concept wanted to improve the working atmosphere of its employees by improving the flexibility in task allocation and rendering by its employee base and motivation of impacted employee base which in-turn reduce the absenteeism, which, is currently among the highest, when compared to the industry average. The finance department claimed that successful implementation would help to provide good value for money and make cost savings and proposed single grade and pay spine to the impacted employees and performance bonuses on attendance. From the operations perspective, this would bring about enormous benefits of flexibility and would simply and improve efficiency by avoiding waiting for action time and wasted journey and other duplication of efforts. The report below tries to analyze in depth about. Literature review Team Management and Team Constitution When two or more people interact among each other to accomplish a goal then it is called group. A group of people who work intensively with each other to achieve a set goal is called a TEAM. Team members should always be driving by the goal rather than individual results. The success of a team depends on the accomplishment of set objective or the drive to excel the same. Team functionality impacts the organizations effectiveness and performance. The contributing factors from the both the individual and organization context which are the driving factors for team existence and performance: Contributing factors for team cohesiveness and performance There are different types of teams which include functional or departmental, cross-functional, and self-managing. Each of these types of teams have certain characteristic features which differentiate their functioning style and objectives set to achieve. There are four essential elements that make the team successful or adventurous; goals/objectives, interdependence, commitment, and accountability. There are basically three different formats of team functionalities which explain how each team exhibits their cohesiveness and working style, as explained below. Basic functional team structure Team should be encouraged to develop: Positive Interdependence Face-to-Face promotive Interaction Individual Accountability/Personal Responsibility: Teamwork Skills Reduce social loafing as it is human tendency to put forth less effort in team than individually. Conflict management among the team members. Team Development and Management: Team development is a process which needs to be carried along cautiously and in controlled manner. Team management is set of processes and/or procedures carried out along to achieve the teams set objectives or goals. As Bruce Tuckman (65) explained the process is formed of five major steps as forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Following these steps in true intentions would only build the team to be together, build constructive consensus of ideas/thoughts, and explore newer avenues leading to effective result oriented team. Bruce Tuckmans five stage team development Motivation The processes that account for an individuals intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining goal is called motivation. Motivation is said to be intrinsic, that drives from within or from intangible benefits or extrinsic, that drives from outside facilitators or from the tangible benefits. The term motivation can be described in many different formats and views, as of author mentions, DrÂÂ  Stephen P. Robbins, this is the process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal (S. P. Robbins). In general there are broadly two types of motivation; Process theory Content theory A process theory defines motivation as a rational cognitive process occurring within the individual as explained through Adams Equity theory. While on the other hand, a content theory defines motivation in terms of need satisfaction as explained through the Maslows Hierarchy of needs theory. Hence, the above two theories defer in many ways because each recognize motivation and its application due to the circumstances. Motivation Factors that will motivate if they are present are the claim of achievement, advancement, recognition, and responsibility. Dissatisfaction is not normally blamed on Motivation Factors, but they are cited as the cause of job satisfaction. Herzberg believed that organizations should motivate employees by adopting a democratic approach to management and by improving the nature and content of the actual job through certain methods. Some of the methods managers could use to achieve this are: Job enlargement workers being given a greater variety of tasks to perform which should make the work more interesting. Job enrichment workers being given a wider range of more complex, interesting, and challenging tasks. This should give a greater sense of achievement. Empowerment delegating more power to employees to make their own decisions over areas of their working life. Hygiene Factors that de-motivate (in absence) Such as supervision, interpersonal relations, physical working conditions, and salary. Hygiene Factors affect the level of dissatisfaction, but are rarely quoted as creators of job satisfaction. C07NF006 Herzbergs Two-factor Theory In the case study provided, the two main types of motivational theories which through me reading are most adaptable are the Porter and Lawyers theory which is a Process theory, its features and how it adapts to the workplace. And on the content theory side I find the Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory, its features and how it adapts to the workplace to be most suitable. Porters and Lawler Theory Porter and Lawler (1968) explained that modulating the work atmosphere so that effective performance would lead to both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, which would implicate to increase in complete job satisfaction. Understandably in this model is the assumption that intrinsic and extrinsic rewards are additive and correlated, yielding complete job satisfaction. According to Porter Lawler Theory, any premises that felt needs cause human behavior and that the effort expended to accomplish a task is determined by the perceived value of rewards will result from finishing the task and the probability that those rewards will materialize (GAGNE and DECI, 2005) Porter and Lawler (1968) expanded Vrooms initial work to recognize the role of individual differences (e.g., employee abilities and skills) and role clarity in linking job effort to actual job performance. This is one of most comprehensive motivational structure based on the expectation theory which elaborates on all the factors which can influence each individuals motivation. Porter and Lawler incorporated a feedback loop to recognize learning by employees about past relationships. Leadership Leader is one who can impress upon a group to behave or act according to his/her objectives. The leaders ability in doing so depends on the ability in process application of both knowledge and skills. According to Northouses (2007) definition Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. The ability of process application of a leader can be explained through the process leadership explanation. (Jago 1982). But, in general there are traits which influences our action, this can be explained through the Trait Leadership (Jago 1982). Jagos Leadership theories This explains that the leadership is learned, leaders ability of application of process of skills and knowledge depends on the traits or attributes he posses or believes in. Today, leadership is increasingly associated not with command and control but with the concept of inspiration, of getting along with other people and creating a vision with which others can identify. For example, Adair sees leadership as a combination of example, persuasion and compulsion that results in making people do things they might not otherwise have done. According to Levine, leaders need to concentrate upon moving people and organisations forward by increasing the competency of staff and the co-operation of teams in order to improve the organisation. A leaders job is to constantly challenge the bureaucracy that smothers individual enthusiasm and the desire to contribute to an organization. Leadership and management Management is more usually viewed as getting things done through other people in order to achieve stated organisational objectives. The manager may react to specific situations and be more concerned with solving short-term problems. Management is regarded as relating to people working within a structured organisation and with prescribed roles. Management may arguably be viewed more in terms of planning, organizing, directing and controlling the activities of subordinate staff. Leadership, however, is concerned more with attention to communicating with, motivating, encouraging and involving people. The emphasis of leadership is on interpersonal behaviour in a broader context. It is often associated with the willing and enthusiastic behaviour of followers. There are other differences between leadership and management. For example, Zaleznik explores difference in attitudes towards goals, conceptions of work, relations with others, self-perception and development. Managers tend to adopt impersonal or passive attitudes towards goals. Leaders adopt a more personal and active attitude towards goals. In order to get people to accept solutions, the manager needs continually to co-ordinate and balance in order to compromise conflicting values. The leader creates excitement in work and develops choices that give substance to images that excite people. In their relationships with other people, managers maintain a low level of emotional involvement. Leaders have empathy with other people and give attention to what events and actions mean. Managers see themselves more as conservators and regulators of the existing order of affairs with which they identify, and from which they gain rewards. Leaders work in, but do not belong to, the organisation. Their sense of identity does not depend upon membership or work roles and they search out opportunities for change. Transactional and Transformational There are two fundamental forms of leaderships Transactional and Transformational Transactional leadership is based on legitimate authority within the bureaucratic structure of the organisation. The emphasis is on the clarification of goals and objectives, work task and outcomes, and organisational rewards and punishments. Transactional leadership appeals to the self-interest of followers. It is based on a relationship of mutual dependence and an exchange process of: I will give you this, if you do that. Transformational leadership, by contrast, is a process of generating higher levels of motivation and commitment among followers. The emphasis is on generating a vision for the organisation and the leaders ability to appeal to higher ideals and values of followers, and creating a feeling of justice, loyalty and trust. In the organisational sense, transformational leadership is about transforming the performance or fortunes of a business. This type of leadership is best suited during the structural change circumstances. Critical Analysis Proposed change The management of the Rossett NHS Hospital Trust hospital envisioned to revamp the organizational structure through seven key changes in their business plan for the yea. Of them the reports elaborates on the attempt to introduce multiskilled, ward based teams of support workers. This transformation would impact around 250 employees. The objective of the changes was to achieve competitive advantage over other hospitals and earn greater customer satisfaction. The proposed change is an attempt to introduce the generic worker concept to significantly reduce the waiting time and improve the compliance with government initiatives and introduction of major information systems. The Site service Directorate was responsible for this implementation. It was broadly constituted of Hotel Services (domestic and portering staff), which was managed by Deputy Director of Site Services, but the actual ownership of the change was owned by Director (Anita Patel). The changed comprised all the porter and domestic staff. The staff was divided into three groups under three managers while some of the staff were stationed at specific departments but majority were placed in the central pool to attend to various duties including serving food and assisting nurse ancillary staff. These staffs were to report to the managers at Site Services Directorate (which was a conflict reason in practice). This change required additional training to get acquaintance with new jobs they would have to perform. The staff had to embrace to work flexibility and teamwork and some needed to face change in shifts. This change is structure came out with great news with structured payment system and pay rise along with performance bonuses aimed at improving the employee motivation and job satisfaction. Actual change The vision of management was taken bitter tone when it came out open and functional though they envisioned greater and positive response from all involved including middle managers and the actual employees impacted but the story in practice was completely different which lead to failure in implementation to achieve the objectives. The actual impacted staff showed little or no interest in the change as thought it to be invasive into their working schedule and their interest of work. Though certain women staff were happy to see the men staff doing the cleaning and others and but the nurse felt they were neglected and their duties were invaded by the lower ranked staff. Majority of staff had no clear idea has what kind of activities they would be involved which lead to reduced job identification and satisfaction. These changes brought out major conflicts among the middle managers and actual working staff as there were not clear demarcation of duties or jobs and who would be involved where and when would be the staff put at work, all this created lots of confusion and job dissatisfaction and conflicts among the actual working staff and also between the department involved. The managers (middle) were not able to clearly identify the conflicts which lead to ineffective actions to tap these differences. The managers were not able to distinguish out the problems and gel the differences due to loss of ownership of job. As one of porter staff mentioned the change as fire-fighting- there is no service level agreement in place against which to measure performance. The other area where conflict and confusion rose was with the rota preparation as manager were having hard time to track who can do what and where to place and when to place them since they to pick from the general pool of employees. The manager were facing difficulty in tracking and employees felt bias treatment bestowed upon few employees and that rota system preparation was not in-line with conditions laid down for change. The other major problem was the gender issue which came out in open when most of men openly showed their dissatisfaction to working as cleaners. This issue was completely neglected, as no manager looked into it right from the planning stage to the implementation stage. From the managers point of view they seemed to be completely powerless as no clear demarcation of rules and regulations, which lead to ineffective control by them on the change and could not initiate any mending ways or improvise the circumstances. To add to the present situation even the union (UNISON) was against the change implementation saying it would radically change employee benefit agreements and that this is just a cost improvement exercise without considering the employee and their concerns and advocated employees to vote against the change. So, to conclude this whole generic working concept was utter failure, though there was last ditch effort to save the change by the management but could not succeed in their effort. Recommendations and conclusions On careful dissection of the whole of the happenings during the trial period of the change envisioned by the Rossett NHS Hospital Trust I deem the following recommendations and conclusions as the most suitable and adaptable the trust should have taken to the successful accomplishment of their business vision. Of note, there were certain positive points to the envisioned generic worker concept, these were (to mention a few); Simplified pay structure. Performance bounces linked to attendance. Option of shift changes. Job profile enhancement and new job cultivation. Opportunity of greater team building avenues. Greater customer satisfaction feasibility. Improvement to the financial health of the trust. But these good points were not communicated down to the employees in practical. On the leadership front, the management though had these benefits on the paper and on the discussion table with the down line managers but did not clear demarcate roles and regulations for the immediate line managers to exhibit and propagate these benefits and also let them exploit their leadership skills in handling the circumstances in day-to-day running during the trial period. The immediate line or reporting managers were left stranded having nothing to do to with various grievances of the actual and effected work force under them. These restrictions and inability led the team manager and members to have job dissatisfaction and lack of motivation to pursue the management vision. There was need for a transformational leader who took up the responsibility and courage to stand up to the occasion driven the team to envision the same vision as seen by the management. The moral of the image above, when during any change the leaders transformational ability comes handy as he has to tackle and win over the employee resistance, depending on the complexity of the task, and also the magnitude of change envisioned by the management. But none these ever exhibited by any of line and immediate managers of Trust Hospital. On the motivational front, after careful literature review the basics of the Porters and Lawler Theory which was based on the expectancy theory was completely neglected by all levels of management in the Trust Hospital. The line managers did nothing to motivate the employee effected, or should say, had no say in taking control of the situation, this lead the team to be completely de-motivated and resultant being them to be less inclined to pursue management vision of structural change though it benefited them greatly. Motivational level at the line manager was equally demoralized as the top management did not let them express themselves during any of the meetings and only positive points were discussed rather taking the holistic view of the structural change into consideration. Both the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards though were present in the structural change present but were not explained to the team effectively which lead to demotivation of the work force. On the team management front, members were not cohesive with each other and always in their old stigma of work culture and they were confronted upon before going ahead with the changes which lead to the feeling of neglect growing in them. The basic contributing factor of team cohesiveness were not put to practice, when the members felt that their rota was prepared as the change structure specification there was no one to provide them with consolidating reasons showing single lane attitude from the management. The trial team formed (reciprocal task based team) where exposed and were happy with the structural change (voted in favor of vote) but management could not duplicate their satisfaction and motivation to the rest of the actual work force impacted by the proposed structural change envisioned. Team members were not introduced to the new change and their conflicts and concerns never made to the change meetings between the line managers and top management. The delicate gender issues were also equally neglected. This clearly shows the areas where the management completely failed and needs to improve if they ever needed to achieve their objective in the future. To conclude for the failure of the envisioned structural change proposed by the management cannot be restricted to one area or department but a complete collapse of non-adherence to basics of structural management theories to mention a few team building and management, motivation, and leadership as discussed in the report above. Had the top management been able to clearly embark the capacity and specified roles along with rules and regulations to the line managers and taken into consideration the concerns of the actual work force to be effected by the generic workers concept the results would have been in favor of the structural change. To sum up, there was utter chaos and neglect to stick to the basic structural change management theories which lead to negate the structural change to generic worker concept by the actual work force to be impacted though there were numerous benefits to the Trust hospital and employees to be impacted.

Scenario Planning Essay -- Business, Strategic Organizational Plannin

Nowadays business leaders need to understand environment which is going to be more complex. Organisations are open system so that organisations need to adapt environment which they operate in. Matridakis, Hogarth and Gaba (2010) argued that traditional tools did not fit well to new complex environment. Although complex environment and level of uncertainty cannot be explained by forecasting, most of the traditional method including strategic planning and organizational development method are tried to use past trends and forecast future. Therefore, scenario planning gets more recognition from the manager whose company operates in such kind of volatile, uncertain environment. Kahane (1992) (Cited in Charmack et al 2001) scenario planning is an effective method for understand critical future uncertainties and investigating drawbacks of the organisations. There are so many aspect and definition of scenario planning. â€Å"Scenarioâ€Å" means an outline or synopsis of a play. The word scenario is derived from the Italian word scena, scene, that comes from the Latin scaena. According to Schwartz (1998:6) scenarios present alternative of future. Kahn and wiener (1967) defined â€Å" Scenarios are narrative description of future†(Cited in AC/UNU Millennium Project) Porter (1985) defined scenarios â€Å"an internally consistent view of what the future might turn to be – not forecast but one possible future outcome† There is big argument on the scenarios, whether it is static or dynamic. Becker (1983) defined that scenarios are people imaging for future like photo. Although Wack (1985), Schoemaker (1991), van der heijden (1996) supported dynamic view of scenarios and they stated that Scenarios are the process of evolution that was linked to strategic devel... ... In conclusion, scenarios are related to future, according to some of the authors scenarios have a static vision, but for the others scenarios include dynamic aspects. Scenario planning is process of positioning plausible scenarios. Some of the author in this field using different name for scenario planning such as scenario thinking, scenario based planning. It includes two sides, first scenario development and then strategy development. O’brien (2003) stated that scenario planning is a soft problem structuring method and qualitative approach. Schoemaker (1997) stated that scenario planning allows more subjective element and macro environment variable than computer simulation programs. Also these methods include system dynamics and risk analysis. It is easy to conclude that scenario planning is a managerial tool of strategic thinking (Bood and Postma 1998).

Proposal for a Halfway House from the Program Director

For a Director of a Program, it is essential to come up with an effective plan or service. Hence, a clear presentation of the program and justification for its creation and retention is significant for the proposal to be considered. This paper is written from the perspective of a Program Director who suggests the establishment and retention of a Halfway House Program for California County Probation Department. In doing so, the Program Director will discuss several factors for the carrying out of the program such as the need to reduce the County’s operating budget which eventually results into the loss of a number of personnel.Proposal for a Halfway House from the Program Director The programs and services of any County Probation Department are subjected to many factors and considerations which may lead into beneficial of harmful implications. Hence, efforts to support the retention and championing of the objectives of a particular program such as the operation of halfway house services are not spared from several hindrances. Operating budget and personnel are two major components which spell the success or failure of a halfway house program.Working as a residential center type, which temporarily accommodates people who have been released after treatment or rehabilitation from drug dependency, mental illness and incarceration, halfway house serves as the middle house before such people are eventually reintegrated into the society. Such nature, therefore, exemplified the undeniable significance of a halfway house program for a County Probation Department. Taking this into consideration, operating and maintaining such service will be difficult especially when problems such as budget and workforce set in.It is in this light that a clear presentation and discussion about halfway house service, such as its features, the public it serves, its history, its value and the reason for its retention, are entrusted in me as Program Director of the California County Pr obation Department. In particular, the Special Projects Group, which I am in charge, will initially address and perform the task of reducing the operating budget of the California County Probation Department by 20 percent.In doing so, however, we have come to realize that 85 percent of the department budget is allotted to its personnel or manpower. Thus, cutting the department budget will mean the loss of approximately 200 officers and support staff. While it is inevitable to undertake budget and personnel reduction, it is ultimately imperative for me as the Program Director to justify with the Chief of California County Probation Department the need to support the creation of halfway house service or program.This is because the prison system has now acknowledged the importance, benefits and value of such program. Its purpose of serving as the halfway accommodation for people who tend avoid relapse and to eventually reintegrate into the mainstream society is, in fact, equally import ant as far as the goal of operating and maintaining a county probation department. One way to achieve the halfway house service is not only by reducing the overall budget of the county but also through trimming down an obviously bloated workforce.In fact, it is through reduction of operating budget and eventually retrenchment of oversized personnel will the County realize that the establishment of halfway house program is feasible, better and more productive than sustaining an over budgeted and over-staffed County. Since obstacles such as the ones facing the California County Probation Department should, in no way, pose a threat into the creation of halfway house program, the reduction by 20 percent of the Department’s operating budget and most importantly the creation and eventual retention of the proposed halfway house plan is highly recommended by the Program Director.Halfway House Program, a Plan Overview By its features, a halfway house is a society-based housing provisi on for criminals and even those who suffered physical and mental disorders who, after their respective imprisonment and treatment period, are technically still carrying out a part of their prison terms and rehabilitation cycles guidelines (â€Å"Halfway House, 2001). However, the difference between a County Probation Department or related institutions is the fact that the subjects are this time being managed in a community with less restriction but nonetheless are still required to adhere to the service’s guidelines (â€Å"Halfway House, 2001).Aside from the provision of round-the-clock management as well as a wide-ranging guidance and support to lawbreakers or others who underwent psychological and physical treatments, the activities within a halfway house are designed to pave the way for its tenants to continue studying, hunting for job working while completing their required stay in the service (â€Å"Halfway House, 2001). Similar to residential community program, halfw ay house is an ongoing corrective program or service wherein the offenders complete their prison terms, experience their steady recuperation until being fully released to the society.Hence, it serves its dual purpose of providing the required treatment and housing services while at the same time offering a chance for its â€Å"residents† to be conscious and engage in various activities within the program and the community they will service once they left the halfway house. This is because a halfway house forms an essential link between the care provided by the rehabilitation or care provided by the prison system and related institutions and the opportunities offered by the mainstream society (â€Å"Halfway House, 2001).Reduction of 20% County Budget, the Task Presented with the mission to cut the budget of California County Probation Department by 20 percent, I, being the Program Director recommends the planned reduction of the department's operating cost based on the fact t hat 85 percent of the annual budget pertains to personnel allocation. This, therefore, necessitates that the streamlining should be focused on the retrenchment of personnel which is based on certain conditions and factual basis.Since the department has a personnel plantilla of more than 1,000 officers and staff  including 700 sworn officers of various ranks, the retrenchment would necessarily mean the phasing out of 200 plantilla items or so much thereof that shall exactly mean the equivalent of 20 percent of its total operating cost estimated at about $600 million annually. In specific figures, the plan should correspond to the trimming down of the present budget to only $480 million starting next year.With the full knowledge of prevailing conditions and other factual basis such as statistics on basic concerns as daily average population of probation facilities and the  average stay of those confined thereat, it is important that the reduction program shall proceed using quanti fiable ratios in order to have it be implemented in the most judicious manner. Considering existing conditions in the department, procedures must be observed in the process of identifying who will be the 200 officials and support staff who will be covered by the retrenchment. In doing so, there should be provision of benefit packages and incentives for those to be affected by the retrenchment, including special incentives for those who will  voluntarily retire or resign under this retrenchment policy or program.An option to voluntarily resign should also be offered to those affected personnel and when all procedures and system are laid out, retrenchment will proceed Hence, the reduction of the County’s 20 percent budget which is synonymous to a significant impact to the personnel is planned to be carried out in a manner that benefit packages and incentive schemes for voluntary retirement and resignations must be attractive enough to encourage a good number of personnel to a vail of it and thereby make the  retrenchment process less painful.The reduction in the budget and its effect, through retrenchment, in the manpower of the California County Probation Department are the primary grounds considered by the Program Director in suggesting the establishment and eventual retention of the Halfway House Program. This is because of the position that in order to create a beneficial plan, the reduction of budget and loss of some personnel in particular are definitely inevitable yet valuable decision which will pave the way for a new and more effective program.Halfway House Program, the Rationale Halfway houses are already established since the half part of the twentieth century. According to Smith and Berlin (1988), halfway houses were built by the Federal Bureau of Prisons in the cities of Detroit, Los Angeles, Chicago and New York (Smith & Berlin, 1988). In the said halfway house services, the offenders, while completing their prison terms, were counseled, employed and provided with worthy activities which helped them to effectively reintegrate into their respective societies afterwards guidelines (Smith & Berlin, 1988).The said system and the creation of such program such as halfway house service have proven beneficial to both the prison facilities which previously house the offenders as well as the communities where the rehabilitated offenders were eventually assimilated. These worthwhile and beneficial effects to the prison system and the community are, in essence, the very objectives which halfway house program have attained in their efforts to effectively rehabilitate the criminal offender (Smith & Berlin, 1988).Beyond such historical account is the rationale of proposing, supporting and eventually retaining a halfway house program or service. In fact, the underlying principle, which was fundamentally deliberated by the Program Director in this paper for the consideration of the Chief of the California County Probation Department , is the basic foundation that such program or service encompasses the goal of societal correction and improvement. The principle is that the halfway house program ultimately aims for rectification and eventual development of offenders.This is because the lawbreakers and related nuisance in the society are being corrected while being accommodated in a venue which will enhance more their qualification into being members again of the societies. As what Beha (1977) learned from a research finding which examined the role and implication of the halfway house program, such service of program is definitely covered by the category â€Å"community corrections† (Beha, 1977). Additionally, halfway house program is an acknowledged effective plan or service even by the industry of probation service themselves.In BBC interview with the chief officer of probation services, Kenyon (2006) learned that while risk and problems are not totally eliminated in carrying out such program, halfway hou se generally create the â€Å"very best picture† as far rehabilitating criminals and preparing them for their return into the society (Kenyon, 2006). Applying the said principles and proofs to the set-up of the California County Probation Department, it is then best considered and suggested to the Chief of the need to undertake, champion and sustain the existence of halfway house program or service.In fact, this may not mean the loss of other programs of the County as the 20 percent reduction in the budget, which basically caters to a bloated personnel structure, will be the main source which will support the program. Conclusion Being the Director of a Program, my foremost objective is for the Chief of the California County Probation Department’s consideration and hopefully, approval of my proposed halfway house program or service. This is prayed for with the presentation of the needed 20 percent reduction in the County’s operating budget, which in general only satisfies an apparent over-sized workforce.Such retrenchment is feasible and acceptable based from the benefit packages and incentives which the Program Director likewise proposed. It is through said grounds that the creation and retention of the California County Probation Department Halfway House are justified. This is because by cutting the budget of the County, the problem on bloated personnel is addressed and ultimately the collective goal to create an effective and beneficial program such as the Halfway House is achieved.

Culture In The Age Of Money. An analysis of the book culture In The Age Of Money written by Nicolaus Mills.

Culture In The Age Of Money. An analysis of the book culture In The Age Of Money written by Nicolaus Mills. In the book Culture in an age of Money, the author Nicolaus Mills labels our recent cultural history as "the culture of triumph" In describing its persistence, Mills suggests that, "while the victories of the culture of triumph have been frequent, they have been largely hollow." The author looks at the commercialization of our society in such diverse areas as materialistic things, politics and opinions."Nancy Regan wanted new china for the White House. The cost of the china was the problem. The Lenox pattern with a raised gold presidential seal in the center that the president's wife chose came to $209,508 for 220 place settings. At a time when her husband was talking about cutting welfare eligibility and the misery index (inflation plus unemployment) was over 20 percent,... the 1980's would be a culture based on triumph-on the admiration of power and status- and nothing would be more important to the culture than its symbols...newUnited Stateschina would be a start in the right dire ction... Ronald Regan declared. In the 1980's his America would not look or act like a weakling nation. The president and his guests would eat off china that proclaimed, "The era of self-doubt is over". (Mills pg.11-12)Ronald Regan and his administration thought that the America they had inherited was in shock from a decade of humiliation. We had lost the longest war, a president had to resign in disgrace and the economy was shot. In what better way's to rebuild a Country and its trust in people, then with the purchase of new china for the White House and its guests. I think Ronald Regan had his priorities a little mixed up wanting to reduce welfare eligibility while purchasing new china as an excuse that we are headed in the right direction. I also...

Social Impact Of The Internet Essays - Geography Of Asia

Social Impact Of The Internet Essays - Geography Of Asia Social Impact Of The Internet Introduction The advent of Internet communication technology is in and of itself, a positive move toward overall global advancement, but the costly social impact is what concerns Lebanese families and sociologists alike. This fear is further amplified by the anticipated social disintegration that may result. The positive aspects of the Internet: As a result of the Internet there is almost nothing that cannot be accomplished from the comfort of one's own home; grocery shopping, buying merchandise, paying bill, researching for term papers and even striking up relationships with people half way across the world. Communication, which once consisted of putting pen to paper, has now been reduced to a few key strokes and a click of a mouse; indeed, people are able to correspond via E-mail faster and easier than traditional mail services could ever hope to offer. The positive aspects of the Internet are immeasurable and go without saying; this paper's focus is on the negative effects of the Internet. The social impact: A. Alienation: Alienation from institutions such as the family, education and places of work may result from the following factors: Lack of face-to-face socialisation is turning into a considerable problem for those who have locked themselves inside the anonymity of their computers. Indeed studies have shown the tendency for people to become significantly stressed, depressed and lonely with each hour spent in the obscure world of Internet chatting. Because there is proof to substantiate the claim that the longer people spend chatting on the Internet the less sociable they become, a considerable amount of further research must be done to determine the extent of damage this has on society. It is clear that even though Internet chat rooms provide much the same interactive approach to socialisation, the social implication is that it gravely lacks the in-person connection required in order for people to develop acceptable social skills. This will also affect negatively the way young teenagers socialise with family members, friends and strangers in society. The reason of this concern is the closely-knit society that we live in; Arab society dictates strong interpersonal relationships whether be it with family members or friends. So as we can see, lack of face to face interaction will result in a fair amount of stress on the fragile Lebanese society, which a large part of it is based on an emotional relationship with each other, and as Patai wrote the Arab nation as an Arab family. B. Loss of own culture: In a critical time where social integration is high on the agenda in post war Lebanon, the Lebanese society is finding itself competing not only with the existing forces of disintegration, but also with a new unanticipated one. The Internet introduces an invasion of western cultures into the homes of unsuspecting parents, which may lead to a loss of one's own culture and adopting a new foreign one. The adoption of a new culture will cause the general public to resist this change, thus the consequences will lead the youth to feel rejected and further amplify the already existing social problem of alienation from society as a whole. This alienation from the Arab culture will lead the youth to strongly get attached to the new culture that they have adopted, which will again translate into a disastrous disintegration. C. Loss of identity: Having mentioned the factors that may lead to alienation and loss of culture, it follows that these factors will also lead to a loss of identity. In a time where national identity plays an important role in the social integration of Lebanon, we cannot afford to let such a new force as the Internet to destroy what we've been trying to build, and there are some results of our efforts, for example, Qanna, Arnoun, and recently Jezzine and the Asian basket ball tournament where Lebanon won. Watching these incidents unfold in front of me, gave me hope for a united Lebanon, since incidents like these were so hard to come by before, now we are seeing more and more social integration between all factions in Lebanon. Seeing all this, and getting a sense of nationalism I also get the shocking news about the Internet and its effects on our society, did you know that 85%

The Kitchen is a Fickle Mistress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Kitchen is a Fickle Mistress - Essay Example The author is quick to remind us of the housewife's complaints of centuries past, and the difficulty in maintaining an elegant domesticity. She tells of the American pioneer woman, carrying wood, heating water, and toiling over the laundry in an all day undertaking. The washing machine, one of the most laudable household helpers, has changed little since its inception. The wood stove was introduced to be sold to women, but actually saved the man from having to cut as much wood. Still, it is the vacuum cleaner that Rosen uses to illustrate our love of cleanliness and how it has become possible to remain immaculate without the aid of servants. It was these devices that gave the housewife the illusion of being a little more royal than maybe she actually was. The article agrees that while all the modern miracles of housework may not save time, and certainly not money, they have made our society better organized. We are cleaner, we have more options for storing and cooking food, and by all such measures we should be happier. Yet, the author argues that the modern housewife is actually doing the work of several servants and, "electric servants did not easily translate into spending less time on housework". Marketers have simply made the experience seem a little more aristocratic. We have every kitchen appliance available to make our cooking experience quick, clean,

Funding Healthcare Services Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Funding Healthcare Services - Assignment Example It is important to denote that privatized ambulatory company aim at making profits. The insurance cover of the patients under consideration also plays a role in paying the services offered by the ambulatory company/organization (Accountability Office, 2005). The society and other non-profit making organization in the health sector also provide ambulatory services. The government can use the tax payer’s money to sponsor such kind of an organization. This is because they contribute in the provision of medical services, to the public, at a cheaper cost. On this basis, to increase their efficiency, the government needs to fund these organizations. Hospitals are also responsible for the provision of ambulatory services. These services can either be paid by the insurance company, or the patient under consideration, but this mostly occurs if the hospital under consideration is a private hospital (Mossialos, 2002). The ambulatory services provided by government owned hospitals should be funded by the tax payer’s money. This is because people, who access government hospitals, are always poor, and sometimes, they cannot afford to pay for their medical costs. Funding Services in Continuum Long Term Care: For purposes of financing services in long term care, it is important to involve all the stake holders of the health industry within the country. That is during the process of policy formulation. For example, when formulating a policy on how to finance services offered under continuum long term care, it is important to analyze the various costs that hospitals offer in the provision of such kind of services (Accountability Office, 2012). For example, it is very expensive to fund patients suffering from chronic diseases. This is because the disease takes a long period of time to treat, and the medications are very expensive. On this basis, to fund the treatment and care of such kind of diseases, it is necessary to involve the taxpayers, nongovernmental organiz ations, and insurance companies. The government needs to introduce insurance health care programs that can help to reduce the high costs of long term care (Fortinash, 2012). These health insurance programs must be funded by the taxpayers. In other words, the government needs to introduce new taxes that will fund the program under consideration. However, while increasing taxes for purposes of raising money to fund long term care, the government should be careful not to raise taxes on medical equipments, and health products that are used for purposes of providing health services in long term care. In fact, the government should reduce taxes in health care products, as this will most definitely lead to a reduction in the various costs associated with the provision health services to satisfy long term care (Levy, 2012). There is also the need of providing grants to hospitals that offer services in continuum long term care. The government and other non-governmental organizations should i dentify such health care organization, and thereafter fund them through grants. However, these grants should be attached with strict conditions that the hospital under consideration must meet. That is if they wish to continue receiving those grants from the federal government, and non-governmental